LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, 



%tj.._ ©atamaWfii, 






UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



■;;-:, 





A 



Manual of Grammar 



BY 

W. M. EVANS, 

PRESIDENT OF THE WESTERN NORMAL COLLEGE, 

BUSHNELL, ILL. 




^Ji ; 






BUSHNELL, ILL. 
CAMP BROS., PRINTERS. 

1894. 



PREFACE. 



E^ r 



This work was prepared for the beginning and' advanced 
grammar classes of the Western Normal College ; yet it is 
just as well adapted to similar schools, and may be easily 
suited to public school work. 

It is believed that the work is well arranged for the Com- 
mon School Course of Study. Part I., intended for those 
who have completed the language book, and are ready to be- 
gin elementary grammar, should be studied during the fifth 
and sixth years ; it is a thorough preparation for Part II. 

After leaving school, the average student rarely needs to 
use his knowledge of grammar, except in the construction of 
sentences ; hence every means should tend to this end. Sen- 
tences that are worn out ; as, John struck James, Dogs bark, 
and Horses run, should not be used, but, in their stead, the 
student should use sentences that give information ; as, Ja7nes 
K. Polk was called Young Hickory ; Illi?iois alone, oj all the 
states, has no public debt ; and The precise number oj bones in 
the human body varies in different periods of life. Thus the 
sentences become trebly valuable : first, the required gram- 
matical constructions are filled ; second, the student learns to 
use his knowledge gleaned from other fields ; third, the 
combined efforts of the students render the once dry grammar 
class a source of information on many subjects. 

In part II., the student is furnished examples from 
good literature, and he is urged to fill these constructions 
from his own reading. The student is thus freed from 
unnatural restrictions, he learns the styles of eminent writ- 
ers, and he is given all the freedom the- great authors 
have deemed it wise to allow. 

The dictionary must be a constant companion of the stu- 
dent of grammar. 



W. M. E. 



Copyright,,! 894, by W. M. Evans. 



PART I. 



i. 



, i. A sentence is the expression of a thought in words. 

No state can grant any title of nobility. 
Was Johnson impeached? 
Give us this day our daily bread. 
How time flies ! 

2. A declarative sentence makes a statement. 

The human body contains more than four hundred muscles. 
Wellington commanded the army that defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. 
Aluminium is a remarkably light metal. 

3. An interrogative sentence asks a question. 

4. Observation. — Sentences are made interrogative in two ways, by the 
use of the interrogative words, who, which, what, when, where, why, how ; and 
by the position of words. 

Who was hailed as "The Washington of the Seas?" 

Why did Saul consult the witch of Endor ? 

Is not most of the nickel used for coining obtained in Missouri ? 

5. An imperative sentence is in the form of a command. 

Go forth under the open sky, and list to nature's teaching. 
L,et us then be what we are and speak what we think. 
Behold an emblem of thy life. 

6. An exclamatory sentence expresses an exclama- 
tion. 

What wonderful inventions have been made ! 
How manifold are the works of God ! 
With what powers God has made us ! 

7. Write five declarative sentences. 

8. Write five interrogative sentences. 

9. Write five imperative sentences. 
10. Write five exclamatory sentences. 



4 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

II. 

i. The subject of a sentence names that of which 
something is thought. 

The mantle of Elijah fell upon Elisha. 

In what state is the center of population of the United States? 

How frail are owr lives ! 

2. Observation.— The subject of an imperative sentence is usually omit- 
ted. 

3. The predicate of a sentence tells what is thought. 

Thomas H. Benton was called "The Father of the United States Senate.'" 

What state first founded an asylum for the deaf and dumb ? 

Young man, keep your record clean. 

What a responsibility rests upon each individual ! 

4. Write five declarative sentences ; draw one line under 
each subject and two lines under each predicate. 

5. Write five interrogative sentences, and underline as in 
point 4. 

6. Write five imperative sentences, and underline as in 
point 4. 

7. Write five exclamatory sentences, and underline as in 
point 4. 



III. 

1. A noun is a name. 

Ralph Waldo Emerson is America's most distinguished essayist. 
New fersey is the first state in the Union in the manufacture of silk. 

2. A common noun applies to any of a class. 

What American woman devoted herself to the care of the sick and wounded 
soldiers during the siege of Rome, 1849 ? 

Puget Sound, one of the most magnificent bodies of water in the ivorld, is 
in the state of Washington. 

3. A proper noun applies to a particular individual 
only. 

Thomas fefferson was born in Virginia. 

Mercury is nearer the sun than Venus is. 

The Apostle Islands of Lake Superior belong to Wisconsin. 

4. Write five sentences, and underline the nouns. 

5. Write five sentences, and draw one line under the com- 
mon nouns and two under the proper nouns. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 5 

IV. 

i. A pronoun stands for a noun. 

Long-fellow is an American poet; he wrote the Psalm of Life. 
What is man that thou art mindful of him ? 

Who said, "Caesar had his Brutus, Charles I. his Cromwell, and George III. 
may profit by their example ?" 

2. Write five sentences, each containing one or more pro- 
nouns. Underline the pronouns. 



V. 



i. An adjective modifies the meaning of a noun or pro- 
noun. 

2. Adjectives modifying nouns. 

John Milton was an epic poet. 

What state furnished more soldiers for the Civil War than it had voters ? 

In which state is the geographical center of the United States ? 

3. Adjectives modifying pronouns. 

Jesus loves even me. 

He only is brave who dares to'do right. 

We all fade as a leaf. 

Paris took Helen, the wife of Menelaus, because she was beautiful. 

4. Write five sentences, each containing one or more ad- 
jectives modifying nouns. Draw two lines under the adjec- 
tives and one under the nouns which the adjectives modify. 

5. Write five sentences, each containing one or more ad- 
jectives modifying pronouns. Draw two lines under the ad- 
jectives and one under the pronouns which the adjectives 
modify. 



VI. 

1. A verb expresses action or being. 

The New Testament represents Martha as a model housekeeper. 

What state lies between Pennsylvania and Indiana? 

George B. McClellan was called "The Young Napoleon." 

John Hancock said, when he signed the Declaration of Independence, "The 
British Ministry can read that name without spectacles ; let them double their 
reward." 

2. Write five sentences, each containing one or more 
verbs, and underline the verbs. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 



VII. 



i. An adverb modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjec- 
tive, or an adverb. 

2. Adverbs modifying verbs. 

In the drama of life, each should act well his part. 
Many Europeans co?ne here to seek wealth. 
Begin now to prepare for j 7 our life work. 

3. Adverbs modifying adjectives. 

The winters in Alaska are quite severe. 

The air at the summit of Mt. Everest is so rare that animal life could not 
exist there. 

Andrew Jackson had remarkably stern qualities. 
How busy are the wheels of commerce ! 

4. Adverbs modifying adverbs. 

The love of liberty in the American people showed itselt very early. 
Cromwell dismissed the Long Parliament rather abruptly. 
Most of the polar expeditions are somewhat rashly planned. 
The swift passenger trains of to-day run too fast for safety. 

5. Write five sentences, each containing an adverb modi- 
fying a verb. 

6. Write five sentences, each containing an adverb modi- 
fying an adjective. 

7. Write five sentences, each containing an adverb modi- 
fying an adverb. 



VIII. 

1. A preposition is a word which connects a noun or 
pronoun, in an adjective or adverbial sense, with some other 
word. 

2. A prepositional phrase consists of the preposition 
and the noun or pronoun connected in the adjective or ad- 
verbial sense. 

3. Prepositional phrases are, therefore, of two kinds, 
adjective and adverbial. 

4. An adjective phrase is used as an adjective. 

Who destroyed the brazen serpent, a relic of the wilderness ? 

How large is the man in the moon ? 

A city on a plateau is usually healthful. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 7 

5. An adverbial phrase is used as an adverb. 

De Soto died of a fever. 

Florida was settled in 1565. 

What prophet was let down by cords into a deep dungeon ? 

6. Observe that the noun or pronoun of the phrase may have modifiers. 

7. Write five sentences, each containing an adjective 
phrase. 

8. Write five sentences, each containing an adverbial 
phrase. 



IX. 



1. A conjunction connects sentences or parts of sen- 
tences. 

2. Conjunctions connecting sentences. 

Napoleon was a great general, but he was finally overthrown. 
Ccssar was thrice presented a kingly crown, and he thrice refused it. 
The world will grow better if we do our part. 

3. Conjunctions connecting parts of sentences. 

What king was bound with fetters of brass and carried away to Babylon ? 
In order to succeed, we must have either shrewdness or perseverance. 
Neither time nor tide waits for us. 



4. List of the principal conjunctions. 



for, 

if, 

inasmuch as, 

lest, 

nevertheless, 

notwithstanding, 

nor, 

neither, 

or, 

provided, 

5. Correlative conjunctions are those which are used 
in pairs ; as, 

both and, either or, neither nor, 

whether or, if then, though yet. 

6. Select five conjunctions from the above list, and use 
them in sentences. 



and, 

also, 

as well as, 

as, 

although, 

because, 

but, 

else, 

either, 

except, 



still, 

since, 

though, 

that, 

than, 

unless, 

whether, 

whereas, 

yet. 



8 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

X. 

i. An interjection expresses emotion. 

Pshaw ! a man would as well try to fly to the moon as to try to control the 
weather. 

Thou, too, sail on, Ship of State ! 
Alas ! and did my Savior bleed. 

2. List of the principal interjections. 

ah, ha, heigho, 

alas, ho, heyday, 

adieu, halloo, hail, 

alack, hello, O, 

avaunt, hurrah, oh, 

aha, huzzah, poh, 

bravo, hist, pooh, 

fudge, humph, pshaw, 

fie, hush, tUvSh. 

3. Select five interjections from the above list, and use 
them in sentences. 



XI. 

1. It should be observed from the preceding work that 
there are eight parts of speech ; noun, pronoun, adjective, 
verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection. 

2. Write ten sentences, each containing not fewer than 
ten words, and each containing every part of speech, except 
it be the interjection. 

XII. 

1. The properties of the noun and the pronoun are 

person, number, gender, and case. 

2. Person tells whether the speaker, that which is spoken 
to, or that which is spoken of is meant. 

3. Nouns have three persons, the first, the second, and 
the third. 

4. The first person denotes the speaker ; the second 
person, that which is spoken to ; the third person, that 
which is spoken of. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 9 

5. Number shows whether one or more than one is 
meant. 

6. The singular number denotes but one ; as, 
boy, apple, desk. 

7. The plural number denotes more than one ; as, 
boys, apples, desks. 

8. Most nouns form their plurals by adding s or es to the 
singular ; as, 

church, churches ; dog, dogs ; halo, halos ; 

chimney, chimneys ; fox, foxes ; tomato, tomatoes. 

9. Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant form their 
plurals by changing y to ies ; as, 

ally, allies ; lady, ladies ; 

fairy, fairies ; pony, ponies. 

10. Some nouns ending in f or fe form their plurals by 
changing this ending to ves ; as, 

beef, beeves ; wife, wives. 

11. Letters, figures, marks, and signs form their plurals 
by adding the apostrophe and s ('s) ; as, 

2, 2's; 1, l's ; — , — 's. 

12. Compound nouns usually pluralize the base ; as, 

brother-in-law, brothers-in-law ; 
Knight Templar, Knights Templars ; 
stepson, stepsons. 

13. Write the plural of each of the following nouns : 

alley, domino, hero, 

box, dish, hoof, 

bottle, frog, proof, 

buffalo, folio, piano, 

book, gulf, potato, 

calico, glass, roof, 

dwarf, horse, staff. 

14. Write ten nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant, 
each followed by its plural. 

15. Write ten nouns ending in^or/^, each followed by its 
plural, ending in ves. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 



1 6. Write the plural of each of the following compound 

nouns : 

aid-de-camp, 
attorney-gen eral , 

17. Irregula 

Singular. 

Child, 

Foot, 

Goose, 

Louse, 

Man, 



father 


-in-law, 


man 


-of-war, 


il, forget- 


■me-not, 


mouthful. 


Lurais. 

Plural. 


Singular . 




Plural. 


children. 


Mouse, 




mice. 


feet. 


Ox, 




oxen. 


geese. 


Tooth, 




teeth. 


lice. 


Woman, 




women 


men. 









XIII. 



1. Some nouns have two plurals ; as, 

brother, brothers (by blood), 

brethren (of the same society). 

cannon, cannons (individuals), 
cannon (collection). 

2. Write the two plurals of each of the following nouns, 
and tell when each form should be used : 

die, head, sail, 

fish, index, shot, 

foot, penny, 

3. Nouns that have the same form in both numbers : 
alms, gross, sheep, 
bellows, grouse, species, 
corps, odds, series, 
deer, swine, vermin. 

4. Use is or are, was or were, runs or run, in each of the 
following blanks : 

1. This deer a beautiful creature. 

2. These sheep in our field yesterday. 

3. A corps a body of troops. 

4. A geometrical series the one to be used. 

5. The swine ugly. 

6. Alms given to the beggars. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. n 

5. The following nouns have the same form in both num- 
bers when used with numerals : 

couple, pair, yoke, 

dozen, score, 

6. Use one of the above words in filling each of the fol- 
lowing blanks : 

1. There were forty at the party. 

2. He bought six eggs. 

3. How many of shoes have you? I have two 

of shoes. 

4. He is three and ten years old. 

5. Two of oxen were sold at the sale. 

7. These nouns have no plural : 

hydraulics, politics, mechanics, 

news, mathematics,* molasses. 

[*Also other names of sciences ending in ics.~\ 

8. Use is or are, was or were, in each of the following 
blanks : 

1. Mathematics an excellent branch to develop 

the mind. 

2. This molasses sorghum. 

3. What.. the news ? 

4. What your politics ? 

9. These nouns have no singular : 

ashes, manners, scissors, 

clothes, nippers, tidings, 

cattle, remains, tongs, 

hysterics, riches, victuals. 

10. Use appropriate verbs in each of the following blanks : 

1. The ashes in the stove. 

2. Ashes a plural noun. 

3. The cattle in the pasture. 

4. His clothes well. 

5. He doesn't know what good manners 

6. The remains taken to the cemetery. 

7. Riches wings and fly away. 

8. The scissors well. 

9. The tongs near the fireplace. 

10. What the tidings ? 

11. The victuals well cooked. 



12 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

ii. Use a, an, this, and that before nouns in the singular; 
use these and those before nouns in the plural ; use the before 
nouns in either number. 

12. A verb sometimes changes its form on account of the 
person and number of its subject. 



XIV. 

Review the following points : 

i. Kinds of sentences. 

2. Kinds of nouns. 

3. The pronoun. 

4. The adjective as a modifier. 

5. The adverb. 

6. The preposition and the prepositional phrase. 

1. Adjective phrase. 

2. Adverbial phrase. 

7. The conjunction. 

8. The interjection. 

9. Number. 

1. Regular plurals. 

2. Y preceded by a consonant. 

3. Forfe. 

4. Letters, figures, and signs. 

5. Compound nouns. 

6. Nouns with irregular plurals. 

7. Nouns with double plurals. 

8. Nouns that have the same form in both numbers. 

9. Nouns that have no plural. 
10. Nouns that have no singular. 



XV. 



1. Complex nouns pluralize the title ; as, 
Mr. Winter, Messrs. Winter ; 

Master Winters, Masters Winters ; 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 13 

Mrs. Daniel, Mesdames Daniel ; 

Miss Daniels, Misses Daniels. 

2.. Many foreign nouns retain their foreign plurals ; as, 
analysis, analyses ; 

genus, genera ; 

genius (ge-ni-us), genii ; 
vertebra, vertebrae. 

3. Write the foreign plurals of each of the following 
nouns, and notice carefully the English plurals of all that 
have such. 

axis, crisis, memorandum, 

basis, diaeresis, oasis, 

beau, ellipsis, parenthesis, 

bandit, focus, radius, 

cherub, formula, vertebra. 

4. Gender expresses the sex of the object named. 

5. The masculine gender expresses the male ; as, 
Augustus, brother-in-law, 

boy, czar. 

6. The feminine gender expresses the male ; as, 
Augusta, sister-in-law, 

girl, czarina. 

7. Write the feminine of each of the following nouns : 
baron, governor, marquis, 
count, hart, peacock, 
David, hero, prince, 
duke, host, shepherd, 
Francis, Jesse, wizard. 

8. For more extended lists of foreign nouns and gender 
nouns, :see Part II. of this work. 



XVI. 



1. Case shows the relations of nouns and pronouns to 
other words. 

2. The nominative case is used for several relations. 

3. Nominative subject. 



King Canute was a Dane. 
Whittier wrote Snow Bound. 



14 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

Esther saved the lives of all the Jews in the Persian empire. 

4. Nominative in apposition. — A noun or pronoun, ex- 
plaining another noun or pronoun, denoting the same person 
or thing, is in the same case, in apposition, as the noun or 
pronoun which is explained. 

Webster, the orator, gave us many excellent sentiments. 

Tennyson, the poet, wrote Knoch Arden. 

Hagar, the mother of Ishmael, is the first person mentioned as weeping. 

5. Write five sentences, each containing a noun as nomi- 
native subject. 

6. Write five sentences, each containing a noun, nomina- 
tive in apposition. 



XVII. 

1. The object of a verb names that which receives the 
act. 

2. A transitive verb requires an object. 

Caesar conquered Gaul. 

The Knglish founded Jamestown. 

Sarah prepared a meal for three angels. 

3. An intransitive verb does not require an object. 

The days go swiftly by. 

The leaves lie on the ground in autumn. 

In what state are the Picture Rocks of Lake Superior? 

4. Observation. — The verb be and all its forms, am, is, are, was, were, be- 
ing, been, are intransitive. 

5. An active verb shows action of its subject. 

Washington defended his country. 

Morse invented the telegraph. 

Jesus was resting at Jacob's well when the Samaritan woman came. 

6. A passive verb shows its subject as acted upon. 

John was banished to the Isle of Patmos. 
Ralph Waldo Emerson is called "The Sage of Concord". 

7. A noun or a pronoun, following an intransitive or a 
passive verb, takes the same case as the subject, when both 
words refer to the same thing. 

1. Following intransitive verbs. 

The Quakers are usually honest people. 
Gladstone remains a student. 
Arnold became a traitor. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 15 

2. Following passive verbs. 

A human being that eats human flesh is called a cannibal. 
Nero was regarded as a tyrant. 

Frederick Douglas was appointed marshal of the District of Columbia 
by President Hayes. 

8. Observation. — The nouns, people, student, traitor, cannibal, tyrant, 
marshal, are said to be noyninative in predicate. 

9. A noun that represents the person directly addressed is 
put in the nominative case by direct address. 

Caesar cried, "Help me, Cassius, or I sink." 

My son, give me thine heart. 

Jesus sayeth unto her, " Woman, why weepest thou ?" 

10. Write five sentences, each containing a noun, nomina- 
tive in predicate. 

11. Write three sentences, each containing a noun in the 
nominative case by direct address. 



XVIII. 

1. Possession is expressed by the possessive case; as, 

Victoria's reign has been one of the best that England has ever had. 

Grant's name will ever be remembered. 

Which of Christ's disciples committed suicide from remorse ? 

2. Write three sentences, each containing a noun in the 
possessive case. 

3. Steps for writing nouns in the possessive case : 

1. Write the word in the proper number. 

2. Add the apostrophe ('). 

3. Add s to all nouns in the singular, and to plurals 

not ending in s. 

4. Write the possessive of the following : 



countess, 


James, 




stepsons, 


children, 


Louis, 




sister-in-law, 


corps, 


Mr. Winters, 


sisters-in-law, 


deer, 


Messrs. 


Winters, 


sheep, 


Frances, 


mouse, 




William, 


horses, 


mice, 




woman, 


hero, 


Moses, 




women. 


heroes, 


Ross, 






horse, 


stepson, 







16 MANUAL OF GRAMMA'R. 

5. Write five sentences, each containing a singular pos- 
sessive. 

6. Write five sentences, each containing a plural posses- 
sive. 



XIX. 

1. The object of a verb is in the objective case. 

Fulton invented the steamboat. 
Pemberton surrendered Vicksburg. 
Who gave names to all the animals ? 

2. The object of a preposition is in the objective case. 

Spurgeon was a man o/power. 

William the Conqueror died in sorrow. 

Who built the first great temple at Jerusalem? 

3. Write five sentences, each containing a noun that is 
the object of a verb. 

4. Write five sentences, each containing a noun in the ob- 
jective case, object of a preposition. 



XX.: 

1. Verbs of making, choosing, calling, regarding, and the 
like, may be followed by two objectives of the same per- 
son or thing. 

The people made Yates governor. 

We chose Washington president. 

Paul calls Timothy his dearly beloved son in the faith. 

Who appointed Brigham Young governor of Utah ? 

2. Verbs of giving, making, teach i?ig, telling, showing, 
asking, and the like, may be followed by two objectives — one 
of the person and the other of the thing : the former is called 
a dative, or indirect object, the latter is a direct object of 
the verb. 

Queen Victoria gave George Peabody her ivory portrait valued at $25,000. 

What king gave Abraham bread and wine ? 

Abel offered God a more acceptable sacrifice than his brother Cain did. 

3. Write sentences, using some form of each of the above 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 17 

verbs, followed by two nouns of the same person or thing, in 
the objective case. Underline the two objectives. 

4. Write five sentences, each containing two nouns, one 
of which is a dative ; the other a direct object. Draw T two 
lines under each dative and one under each direct object. 



XXI. 

1. Nouns which express measure or direction may be used 
like adverbs to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. These 
nouns are called adverbial objectives. 

2. Adverbial objectives modifying verbs. 

The World's Fair at Chicago lasted six months. 

At Niagara Falls, the water descends one hundred sixty feet. 

A bushel of coal weighs eighty pounds. 

3. Adverbial objectives modifying adjectives. 

The moon is 4,000 miles nearer when on the zenith than when on the ho- 
rizon. 

Shakespeare was fifty-two years old when he died. 
Washington's monument is 555 feet high. 

4. Adverbial objectives modifying adverbs. 

Homer lived many centuries ago. 

The moon rises, on the average, 50 minutes later each night. 

Death usually comes years sooner than we expect it. 

5. Write five sentences, each containing an adverbial ob- 
jective modifying a verb. 

6. Write five sentences, each containing an adverbial ob- 
jective modifying an adjective. 

7. Write five sentences, each containing an adverbial ob- 
jective modifying an adverb. 



XXII. 

1. A personal pronoun expresses grammatical person ; 
as, /, for the first \you, for the second ; he, for the third. 

2. The simple personal pronouns are : I, you (sol- 
emn, thou), he, she, and it, with their inflections, or changes. 

3. Declension is the inflection to show difference of num- 
ber and case. 



i8 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

4. Declension of the simple personal pronouns. 

FIRST PERSON. SECOND PERSON. 

Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural. 

Noni. I, we, thou, ye, you, 

Poss. my, mine, our, ours, thy, thine, your, yours, 

Obj. me, us. thee, you. 

THIRD PERSON. 

Singular. Plural. 

Masc. Fern. 

Nom. he, she, it, they, 

Poss. his, her, hers, its, their, theirs, 

Obj. him, her, it, them. 

5. The compound personal pronouns are formed by 
adding self or selves to the possessive of the first and second 
simple personal pronouns, and to the objective of the third 
simple personals. The compound personals have the same 
form for the nominative and the objective, but are never in 
the possessive. 

6. Declension of the compound personal pronouns. 

FIRST PERSON. 
Singular. Plural. 

Nom. and Obj. myself, ourself, ourselves. 

SECOND PERSON. 
Nom. and Obj. thyself, yourself, yourselves. 

THIRD PERSON. 

( Masc. himself, 
Nom. and Obj. < Fern, herself, themselves. 

( itself, 

7. Learn the above declensions. 

8. The masculine forms he, his, him, are used to refer to 
persons of either sex, or to conceal the sex of the person re- 
ferred to ; as, 

Tell each pupil that he must do his own work. 

Every person must take pride in his loyalty to duty, if he expects others to 
respect hint. 

9. Fill each blank with a pronoun of the third person, 
singular number : 

1. Every one should attend to own business. 

2. Each pupil knows how to prepare lesson. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 19 

3. No one knows what ma3 7 happen to 

4. Each of the pupils has part of the work. 

5. Every person must pay taxes. 



XXIII. 

1. The personal pronouns mine, ours, thine, yours, 
his, hers, and theirs have sometimes been called possessive 
pronouns, on account of their peculiarhVy in representing both 
the name of the possessor and the name of the thing pos- 
sessed. It is better to think of these words simply as per- 
sonal pronouns in the possessive case than to make a new 
class of pronouns. Mine, thine, etc., are equivalent to my, 
thy, etc., with whatever noun has been omitted; as, my ow- 
ing, my possessing, my liking, my choosing, or whatever the 
sense demands. 

What one has made a part of himself is his. 
A friend of mine has claims upon me. 
This world of ours is still improving. 

2. Personal pronouns as nominative subjects. 

Henry M. Stanley was an African explorer ; he was sent to find Dr. David 
Livingstone. 

So great were the services of Clara Barton in caring for the soldiers, that 
they called her "The Angel of the Battlefield". 

Maria Mitchell may be said to stand at the head of the scientific women of 
America ; she has done a wonderful work. 

3. Personal pronouns in apposition. 

We ourselves must Pilgrims be. 

He himself entered into the synagogue, and reasoned with the Jews. 
Though many people rail against fate, the fault lies with them them- 
selves. 

4. Personal pronouns, nominative in predicate. 

Though Robert E. Lee was a great general, it was he who lost the battle 
of Gettysburg. 

Christ said, "It is I ; be not afraid." 

The United States is truly a government of the people, by the people, and 
for the people ; since it is they who are responsible for its welfare. 

5. Personal pronouns in the possessive case. 

Who received from his soldiers the sobriquet of "Rough and Ready" ? 
Frances Willard has spoken in every town of 10,000 inhabitants in the 
United States ; her work will long be remembered. 

6. Personal pronouns, objects of verbs. 

The more we know of Major John Andre, the less we censure him. 



20 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

Though we do much for our parents, we can never fully repay them. 
We niust respect ourselves, if we expect others to respect us. 

7. Personal pronouns, objects of prepositions. 

Alexander Hamilton was the first secretary of the United States ; we are 
indebted to him for much of our present greatness. 

Jesus said of Mary, "She hath chosen that good part that shall not be taken 
away from her.'' 

If we are frank with our friends, they will usually be frank with us. 

8. Personal pronouns in the dative objective. 

At the request of a maiden, Herod gave her the head of John the Baptist. 

Garfield said, "Ideas are the great warriors of the world" ; and he has fur- 
nished us many such warriors. 

Frederic Froebel, the author of the kindergarten system, was a great lover 
of children ; hence he did them much good. 

9. Write five sentences, each containing a personal pro- 
noun, subject of a verb. 

10. Write five sentences, each containing a personal pro- 
noun, in apposition with a personal pronoun. 

11. Write five sentences, each containing a personal pro- 
noun, nominative in predicate. 

12. Write five sentences, each containing a personal pro- 
noun in the possessive case. 

13. Write five sentences, each containing a personal pro- 
noun, object of a verb. 

14. Write five sentences, each containing a personal pro- 
noun, object of a preposition. 

15. Write five sentences, each containing a personal pro- 
noun in the dative objective case. 



XXIV. 

1. A relative pronoun represents a noun or pronoun to 
which it joins a subordinate sentence. 

The person who tries will improve. 

Pembina, which is the most northern city in the United States, is in North 
Dakota. 

Solomon was the wisest man that ever lived. 

James Monroe was president during what was known as "The Era of 
Good Feeling". 

2. The simple relative pronouns are who, ivhich, and 
that. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 21 

3. Who refers to persons, which to things, and that to 
either persons or things. 

4. Relative pronouns agree with their antecedent 
nouns in person and number ; this should be carefully ob- 
served when the relative is a subject. 

The foreigner who has been in our countrj- but a short time wants to get 
his hand on the lever of the government. 

Tecumseh is one of the oldest Indian warriors that have come to our 
notice. 

/ who am the architect of my own fortune should plan it well. 

5. The compound relative pronouns are whoso, who- 
ever, whosoever, whichever, whichsoever, what, whatever, and 
whatsoever. 

6. The relative pronouns never change their forms for 
person, number, or gender, and who and whosoever are the 
only ones that change their forms for case. 

Norn, who, whosoever, 
Poss. whose, whosesoever, 
Obj. whom, whomsoever. 

7. Relative pronouns as nominative subjects. 

Noah Webster, who was called ''The Monarch", was the author of the first 
spelling book published in America. 

John C. Calhoun was the greatest senator that has been elected from South 
Carolina. 

Santa Fe, which is next to the oldest town in the United States, is situated 
6840 feet above the level of the sea. 

8. Relative pronouns in the possessive case. 

William Cullen Bryant, WHOSE^/ryshows us the beauties of nature, is 
called "The Father of American Song". 

Every man will succeed w t hose actions are guided by the principles of jus- 
tice. 

9. Relative pronouns as objects of verbs. 

Stephen, whom the Jews stoned to death, was the first Christian martyr. 
The hanging gardens w t hich Nebuchadnezzar constructed were for the 
amusemenfof his queen. 

Methuselah is the oldest man that the Bible mentions. 

10. Relative pronouns as objects of prepositions. 

Enoch was the man o/whom it was said, "He was not, for God took him" . 
Attention is the stuff that memory is made of. 

The climate in which one lives has something to do with his tempera- 
ment. 

11. Write five sentences, each containing a relative pro- 
noun, nominative subject. 



22 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

12. Write three sentences, each containing a relative pro- 
noun in the possessive case. 

13. Write five sentences, each containing a relative pro- 
noun, object of a verb. 

14. Write five sentences, each containing a relative pro- 
noun, object of a preposition. 



XXV. 

Review the following points : 

1. Plural formation. 

1. Complex nouns. 

2. Foreign nouns. 

2. Gender. 

3. The nominative case. 

1. Subject of a verb. 

2. In apposition. 

3. In predicate. 

4. By direct address. 

4. The possessive case. 

5. The objective case. 

1. Object of a verb. 

2. Object of a preposition. 

3. Two objectives of the same person or thing. 

4. The dative, or indirect object. 

5. The adverbial objective. 

6. The personal pronouns. 

1. Classes. 

2. Declension. 

3. Case constructions. 

7. The relative pronouns. 

1. Classes. 

2. Declension. 

3. Case constructions. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 23 

XXVI. 

i. An interrogative pronoun asks a question. 

Who assassinated Lincoln ? 

Whose is this image and superscription ? 

What think ye of Christ ? 

Which was the greater soldier, Caesar or Napoleon ? 

2. The interrogative pronouns are who, which, and 
what. 

■ 3. Who is the only interrogative pronoun that changes its 
form, and it changes for case only. The interrogative who is 
declined like the relative who. 

4. Interrogative pronouns as nominative subjects. 

Who commanded the sun and moon to stand still ? 
Who organized the Tippecanoe Confederacy ? 
Who conquered Montezuma ? 

5. Interrogative pronouns as nominative predi- 
cates. 

Who was president of the Confederate States ? 
What was the cause of the Civil War ? 

Who was the founder of the present system of national currency of the 
United States ? 

6. Interrogative pronouns in the possessive case. 

Whose invention banished the old sea fights ? 
Whose descendants lived in Edom ? 

7. Interrogative pronouns as objects of verbs. 

Whom did Jesus commend to the beloved disciple when He was on the 
cross ? 

What can we do in making the world better ? 
Which do most people prefer, knowledge or wealth ? 

8. Interrogative pronouns as objects of preposi- 
tions. 

For whom did David mourn ? 

O/whom did Jesus say, "Behold an Israelite indeed in whom there is no 
guile" ? 

To whom did God give the covenant of the rainbow ? 

9. Write five sentences, each containing an interrogative 
pronoun, nominative subject. 

10. Write three sentences, each containing an interrogative 
pronoun, nominative in predicate. 

11. Write three sentences, each containing an interrogative 
pronoun, in the possessive case. 



24 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

12. Write five sentences, each containing an interrogative 
pronoun, object of a verb. 

13. Write five sentences, each containing an interrogative 
pronoun, object of a preposition. 



XXVII. 

1. A descriptive adjective expresses quality ; as, 

Great occasions teach great duties. 
Frail barks should not venture far. 
What state was first settled by French soldiers! 

2. There are two kinds of descriptive adjectives, commo?t 
and proper. 

3. A common adjective has a corresponding common 
noun ; as, 

wise, wisdom ; holy, holiness ; cohesive, cohesion. 

4. A proper adjective has a corresponding proper 
noun ; as, 

Miltonian, or Miltonic, Milton ; 
Hungarian, Hungary ; 
Parisian, Paris. 

5. Write ten common adjectives, each followed by a cor- 
responding common noun. 

6. Write ten proper adjectives, each followed by a corres- 
ponding proper noun. 



XXVIII. 



1. A definite adjective modifies without expressing 
quality ; as, 

The president is a servant of the people. 
This world is what we make it. 
Sixty pounds of wheat make a bushel. 

2. There are three kinds of definite adjectives, the article, 
the pronominal, and the numeral. 

3. The articles are a, an, and the. 

4. A pronominal adjective may, without the use of an 
article, represent an omitted noun. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 25 

Harvard and Yale are old schools ; each of the schools is good. 

None but the brave deserve the fair. 

The Acadians were driven into exile ; that was a disgraceful affair. 

5. Which and what become relative adjectives and in- 
terrogative adjectives when they limit nouns. 

6. Relative adjectives. 

Most people are able to buy what books they actually need. 
Longfellow graduated in Bowdoin College ; in which institution he was 
afterward a professor. 

7. Interrogative adjectives. 

In what state is the celebrated Wyandotte Cave? 

Which territory has a longer coast line than the whole Atlantic coast of 
the United States ? 

8. Learn the outline of classification given below : 

( 1. Common. 
r 1 . Descriptive. < 

[ 2. Proper. 

Adjectives. i f x. Article. 

2. Definitive. <j 2. Pronominal. 

1 

[ 3. Numeral. 

9. Write the classification of the following adjectives : 
all, iron, rising, 
another, latter, single, 
double, many, some, 
English, none, Shakespearean, 
either, neither, that, 

first, other, these, 

four, one, wicked, 

former, red, 

Model. — Sweet, adjective, descriptive, common. 



XXIX. 

1. Comparison shows the different degrees of quality or 
intensity of adjectives and adverbs. 

2. The positive degree expresses the simple degree ; as, 
old, dry, amiable, 
strong, beautiful, 



26 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 



3. The comparative degree expresses the next higher 
or lower degree than the positive as, 

older, drier, less amiable, 

stronger, more beautiful, 

4. The superlative degree expresses the highest or 
lowest degree ; as, 

oldest, driest, least amiable, 

strongest, most beautiful, 

5. Words of one or two syllables usually form the com- 
parative degree by adding er to the positive, and the super- 
lative degree by adding est to the positive. 

Some words of two syllables, and all of more than two, 
form the comparative degree by prefixing viore or less to the 
positive, and the superlative degree by prefixing most or least 
to the positive ; as, 

sadder, 
funnier, 
more healthful, 
less reasonable, 



sad, 
funny, 
healthful, 
reasonable, 



saddest, 
funniest, 
most healthful, 
least reasonable. 



6. Some adjectives are compared irregularly ; as, 

good, better, best ; 
man}^, more, most ; 
little, less, least. 

7. Write the degrees of comparison of each of the follow- 
ing adjectives : 



bad, 


junior, 


sly, 


bright-eyed, 


juicy, 


sweet, 


dead, 


late, 


superior, 


dry, 


much, 


shy, 


far, 


near, 


tall, 


gray, 


nigh, 


thin, 


good-natured, 


perfect, 


ugly, 


holy, 


pretty, 


white, 


homely, 


round, 


wet. 


ill, 


rude, 




ill-tempered, 


red, 





MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 27 

XXX. 

1. Write sentences, using some form of each of the fol- 
lowing intransitive verbs, followed by a predicate adjective : 

is, get, 

become, taste, 

go, feel, 
stand, 

We are happy when we do our duty. 

Teachers should use much care in seeing that students sit erect. 

The leaves lie dead in autumn. 

2. Write sentences, using some form of each of the fol- 
lowing transitive verbs, followed by a predicate adjective : 

make, drink, 

call, sing, 

regard, 

According to the fable, the dogs could not drink the ocean dry. 
Wallace says that the people who watched the chariot race shouted J.hem- 
selves hoarse" 

The gold fields of California made many men rich. 



XXXI. 

1. The simple style of the verb is used in ordinary con- 
versation. 

What territory has no governor and no legislature ? 

Aaron Burr vied with Them as Jefferson for the presidency in 1800. 

Who built the last great temple at Jerusalem ? 

2. The emphatic style of the verb is formed of do, does, 
or did, and the first principal part of the verb. 

When our people do fight, they fight to win. — fight, fought, fought. 
He who does write a book should be sure that it is worth reading.— write, 
wrote, written. 

IvOuis Agassiz did not teach to gain wealth. — teach, taught, taught. 

3. The progressive style of the verb is made of some 
form of the verb be, and the first principal part with ing 
added, or the present active participle. 

The world is growing better — grow, grew, grown. 

Those who are doing their duty merit success.— do, did done. 

Where was Milton living when he wrote Paradise I,ost? — live, lived, lived. 

4. Write three sentences, each containing a verb in the 
simple style. 



28 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

5. Write four sentences, each containing a verb in the 
emphatic style. 

6. Write four sentences, each containing a verb in the 
progressive style. 



XXXII. 

1. Voice shows whether the subject of the verb acts, or 
is acted upon. 

2. Transitive verbs have two voices, the active and the 
passive. [See page 14.] 

3. The passive verb is made of some form of the verb 
be and the third principal part, or past participle, of a transi- 
tive verb. 

4. Write five sentences, each containing a verb in the 
active voice. 

5. Write five sentences, each containing a verb in the 
passive voice. 



XXXIII. 

1. Mode expresses the manner of action or being. 

2. The indicative mode asserts the action or being as a 
fact. 

America is truly the land of the free. 

Plymouth had nine soldiers in its stauding army. 

Caesar was assassinated. 

3. The potential mode asserts the possibility, permis- 
sion, power, necessity, determination, or duty of action or 
being. 

4. The signs of the potential mode are may, can, must, 
might, could, would, and should. 

The young may die. 
The old must die. 
We should be active. 

5. The imperative mode asserts the action or being as 
a command or an entreaty. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 29 

Disperse, ye rebels. 

Give us this day our daily bread. 

Listen, my children. 

6. Write four sentences, each containing a verb in the in- 
dicative mode. 

7. Write four sentences, each containing a verb in the 
potential mode. 

8. Write four sentences, each containing a verb in the im- 
perative mode. 



XXXIV. 

1. The infinitive is a verb which may have the con- 
struction of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. 

2. The infinitive with the construction of a noun. 

To die is to be banished from one's self. (Subject of a verb.) (Predicate 

with a verb.) 

We should begin now to do our best. (Object of a verb.) 

The world is about to close the work of another century. (Object of a 

preposition.) 

3. The infinitive with the construction of an ad- 
jective. 

Spring is the time to plant. 
Duty should mark out & path to guide our feet. 

An flif/f^/ to assassinate Secretary Seward was made the same night 
that President Lincoln was shot. 

4. The infinitive with the construction of an ad- 
verb. 

The Puritans came to America to seek religious freedom. (Modifying a 
verb.) 

A suicide seems anxious to leave this world. (Modifying an adjective.) 
Some think our country is old enough to live without protection. (Modi- 
fying an adverb.) 

5. Write five sentences, each containing an infinitive with 
the construction of a noun. 

6. Write five sentences, each containing an infinitive with 
the construction of an adjective. 

7. Write five sentences, each containing an infinitive with 
the construction of an adverb. 



3 o MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

XXXV. 

i. A participle is a verb which may have the construc- 
tion of a noun or of an adjective, or may be used in the for- 
mation of other verb forms. 

2. Participles with the construction of a noun. 

Studying mathematics gives good discipline to the mind. (Subject.) 
Arnold, after having been reprimanded, decided to get revenge. (Ob- 
ject of a preposition.) 

When should we begin seeking our fortunes? (Object of a verb.) 
Seeing a thing is believing it. (Subject.) (In predicate.) 

3. Participles with the construction of an adjec- 
tive. 

The English having been defeated in the Revolutionary War, the 
United States became an independent nation. (Modifying a noun.) 

King Philip was the most illustrious Indian chief of New England ; he 
having been hunted down was shot. (Modifying a pronoun.) 

After the battle of Cold Harbor, many soldiers lay dying on the field. (In 
predicate.) 

A book bound in leather is usually durable. 

4. Write five sentences, each containing a participle with 
the construction of a noun. 

5. Write five sentences, each containing a participle with 
the construction of an adjective. 



XXXVI. 

1. Tense is that property of the verb which indicates the 
time of the action or being. 

2. The study of tense has mainly to do with the forms of 
the verb. Hence we assign the verb six tenses, though there 
can be but three, strictly speaking. 

3. The tenses assigned are present, past, fidure, present 
perfect, past perfect, and future perfect. 

4. The present tense is that form of the verb which 
usually indicates present action or being. 

5. Present indicative, simple style. 

What state has a name of Indian origin meaning "Here we rest" ? 
What state extends the farthest northeast? 
Grant lives in our memory. 

6. Present indicative, emphatic style. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 31 

We do exert some kind of influence. 
Our nation does protect her citizens. 

7. Present indicative, progressive style. 

The world is growing better. 

I am responsible for the work I am doing. 

We are building the structure of character. 

8. Present indicative, passive voice. 

What state is divided into parishes instead of counties ? 
We are often compelled to do things that are unpleasant. 
By watching others, I am often taught valuable lessons. 

9. Write two sentences, each containing the present in- 
dicative, simple style. 

10. Write two sentences, each containing the present in- 
dicative, emphatic style. 

11. Write two sentences, each containing the present in- 
dicative, progressive style. 

12. Write two sentences, each containing the present in- 
dicative, passive voice. 



XXXVII. 

1. The auxiliary signs of the present potential are 
may, can, and must. 

2. Present potential, simple style. 

Who can tell what a day will bring forth ? 
The young may die ; the old must die. 

3. Present potential, progressive style. 

We.may be doing our duty when we offend the most. 
Must we be always watching ? 

4. Present potential, passive voice. 

A man may be called a traitor when he is trying most to serve his country. 
Our rights as American citizens must be defended. 

5. Present imperative. 

Help others to bear their burdens. 
Hold fast to that which is good. 

6. Present infinitive. To is either expressed or implied 
with the present infinitive. The sign to of the infinitive is 
usually omitted after the verbs bid, dare, feel, let, see, hear, 
make, and a few others. 

To learn requires exertion. 

We should try to make others feel happy. 



32 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

7. Present participle. The present active participle 
ends in ing ; the present passive participle takes the sign be- 
ing. 

Many of us never think of preparing for death. 
Exercising the muscles gives physical development. 
Yorktown being taken, Cornwallis surrendered. 
George III. never thought of England's being defeated. 

8. Write two sentences, each containing a verb in the 
present potential, simple style. 

9. Write two sentences, each containing a verb in the 
present potential, progressive style. 

10. Write two sentences, each containing a verb in the 
present potential, passive voice. 

11. Write two sentences, each containing a verb in the 
present imperative. 

12. Write two sentences, each containing the present in- 
finitive. 

13. Write two sentences, each containing the present active 
participle. 

14. Write two sentences, each containing the present pas- 
sive participle. 



XXXVIII. 

1. The past tense is that form of the verb which usually 
expresses past time. 

2. The past indicative, simple style. 

Who wrote the first book of the New Testament? 

Nebuchadnezzar cast three Jews in a fiery furnace for not worshiping a 
golden image. 

Who originated the character of Rip Van Winkle? 

3. The past indicative, emphatic style. 

Columbus did not/alter, though the seamen threatened to throw him over- 
board. 

Whom did Samuel anoint as kings ? 

4. The past indicative, progressive style. 

Who was reigning in England when Shakespeare was born ? 
The Jews were expecting a king when Christ was born. 

5. The past indicative, passive voice. 

Whose soldiers were drowned in the Red Sea? 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 33 

Rhode Island was founded by Roger Williams. 

6. The past potential, simple style. The auxiliary 
signs of the past potential are might, could, would, and 
should. 

We should love our enemies. 

The hired soldiers of Great Britain could not withstand the zeal of Ameri- 
can patriots. 

7. The past potential, progressive style. 

Instead of losing our vantage ground, we should be trying to attain higher 
planes of activity and usefulness. 

How much we could all be doing to make the world better ! 

8. The past potential, passive voice. 

Children might be allowed many more privileges, if the}' did not abuse the 
ones that they have. 

We could be so taught that we would not have to unlearn so much. 

9. The past participle is the third principal part of the 
verb. 

The lesson taught by the bee is an important one. 
A letter written neatly will often secure a position. 
Each one has his own work assigned him. 
A nail driven deep will often support a great weight. 

10. Write two sentences, each containing the past indica- 
tive, simple style. 

11. Write two sentences, each containing the past indica- 
tive, emphatic style. 

12. Write two sentences, each containing the past indica- 
tive, progressive style. 

13. Write two sentences, each containing the past indica- 
tive, passive voice. 

14. Write two sentences, each containing the past poten- 
tial, simple style. 

15. Write two sentences, each containing the past poten- 
tial, progressive style. 

16. Write two sentences, each containing the past poten- 
tial, passive voice. 

17. Write two sentences, each containing the past partici- 
ple. 



34 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

XXXIX. 

i. The future tense is that form of the verb which ex- 
presses futurity of action or being. This tense is found only 
in the indicative mode, and its auxiliary signs are shall and 
will. 

2. The future, simple style. 

We shall do a good work if we attend closely to each day's duties. 
The next century will certainty bring much improvement in the affairs of 
the world. 

3. The future, progressive style. 

We know not who will be living to greet the dawn of the coming century, 
What shall we be doing to aid in what remains to be done ? 

4. The future, passive voice. 

Who shall be called great ? 

Prepare for life ; for some will be chosen to fill the offices of trust. 

5. The present perfect tense is that form of the verb 
which expresses action or being usually completed in present 
time. The signs of the present perfect indicative are 
have and has. 

6. The present perfect indicative, simple style. 

Many a man has wrecked his life through drink. 

The Indians have become fewer in numbers as civilization has advanced. 

7. The present perfect indicative, progressive style. 

Some think the American people have been waning in patriotism since the 
Revolutionary War. 

Who has been living up to his ideal standard ? 

8. The present perfect indicative, passive voice. 

How many have been wrongly taught ! 

Many a life has been wrecked by intemperance. 

9. The present perfect potential, simple style. The 

auxiliary signs of the present perfect potential are may have, 
ran have, and must have. 

Our country may have advanced more in the last century than it will ad- 
vance in the next ; yet much remains for us to do. 
What a mind Shakespeare must have had ! 

10. The present perfect potential, progressive style. 

We may have been sowing the seeds of the Civil War during the century 
preceding its outburst. 

Daniel Webster ?nust have been preparing for his noted debate long" before 
he met Robert Y. Hayne. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 35 

11. The perfect infinitive. The auxiliary sign of the 
perfect infinitive is to have. 

John Quincy Adams is said to have been eloquent. 
The Phoenicians are thought to have invented reading. 

12. The sign of the perfect active participle is having, 
and of the perfect passive participle is having been ; as, 

Having given the impression that he was going to New York, Washington 
moved promptly upon Yorktown. 

The battle of Gettysburg having been fought, the Civil War was virtually 
decided. 

13. Write two sentences, each containing the future tense, 
simple style. 

14. Write two sentences, each containing the future tense, 
progressive stj'le. 

15. Write two sentences, each containing the future tense, 
passive voice. 

16. Write two sentences, each containing the present per- 
fect indicative, simple style. 

17. Write two sentences, each containing the present per- 
fect indicative, progressive style. 

18. Write two sentences, each containing the present per- 
fect indicative, passive voice. 

19. Write two sentences, each containing the present per- 
fect potential, simple style. 

20. Write two sentences, each containing the present per- 
fect potential, progressive style. 

21. Write two sentences, each containing the present per- 
fect potential, passive voice. 

22. Write two sentences, each containing the perfect in- 
finitive. 

23. Write two sentences, each containing the perfect active 
participle. 

24. Write two sentences, each containing the perfect pas- 
sive participle. 



3 6 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

XL. 

1. The past perfect tense is that form of the verb 
which expresses action or being usually completed at or be- 
fore some past time. 

2. Had is the auxiliary sign of the past perfect indica- 
tive ; might have, could have, would have, and should have 
are the auxiliary signs of the past perfect potential. 

3. The past perfect indicative, simple style. 

Shakespeare had nearly finished his work before Milton was born. 
Washington had not done much military service when he was chosen com- 
mander in chief. 

4. The past perfect indicative, progressive style. 

When Arnold attempted to surrender West Point, it became evident that 
he had been seeking revenge ever since Washington reprimanded him. 

How long had Webster been preparing for his celebrated debate before the 
speech was made? 

5. The past perfect indicative, passive voice. 

Columbus died without knowing that a new world had been discovered. 
The Indians had been deceived many times before they began to seek re- 
venge. 

6. The past perfect potential, simple style. 

Perhaps the English would have been successful in the Revolutionary War, 
if they had thought it worth while to continue the strife. 

James Fenimore Cooper could not have written such a work as "The Pilot," 
if he had not been a sailor. 

7. The past perfect potential, progressive style. 

Aaron Burr might have been doing much good for his country through 
those days in which he was planning its destruction. 

During the last of his administration, Buchanan should have been strength- 
ening the North, instead of allowing the South to get control of important mil- 
itary stores. 

8. The past perfect potential, passive voice. 

Perhaps Schuyler Colfax would have been chosen president, had he kept his 
record clean. 

If Grant and I,ee could have changed places, Grant might have been con- 
quered. 

9. The future perfect tense expresses action or being 
that will be completed at or before some future time. The 
signs of this tense are shall have and will have, and it is 
found only in the indicative mode. 

Almost all who now live will have died before the close of another century. 
When I have done all that I can do, I shall have done my part. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 



37 



10. Write two sentences, each containing 
indicative, simple style. 

ii. Write two sentences, each containing 
indicative, progressive style. 

12. Write two sentences, each containing 
indicative, passive voice. 

13. Write two sentences, each containing 
potential, simple style. 

14. Write two sentences, each containing 
potential, progressive style. 

15. Write two sentences, each containing 
potential, passive voice. 

16. Write two sentences, each containing 
feet tense. 

17. Learn the following outline : 



the past perfect 
the past perfect 
the past perfect 
the past perfect 
the past perfect 
the past perfect 
the future per- 



Modes 

and 
Tenses. 



1. Indicative. 



1. Present. 

2. Past. 

3. Future. 

4. Present perfect. 

5. Past perfect. 

, 6. Future perfect. 



2. Potential. 



Present. 
Past. 

Present perfect. 
Past perfect. 



3. Imperative. — Present. 

4. Infinitive. ( r " £ re f ^ 

( 2. Perfect. 



5. Participial. 



1. Present. 

2. Past. 

3. Perfect. 



38 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

XLI. 

i. As to use, verbs are transitive and intransitive. [See 
page 14.] 

2. As to form, verbs are regular, irregular, defective, and 
redundant. 

3. A regular verb is one whose past indicative and past 
participle are formed by adding ed to the present tense ; as, 
live, lived, lived ; talk, talked, talked ; call, called, called. 

4. An irregular verb is one whose past indicative and 
past participle are not formed by adding ed to the present 
tense; as, see, saw, seen; write, wrote, written; teach, 
taught, taught. 

5. A defective verb is one which lacks some of its prin- 
cipal parts. Defective verbs have no participles. 

List of defective verbs : 

Past. 
could. 



Present. 


Past. 


Present. 


Beware, 




Can, 


May, 

Ought, 

Shall, 


might, 
ought, 
should. 


Must, 
Willi 


6. A redundant verb is one 


w T hich has more 


form in the past 


tense or past participle ; as, 


Present. 


Past. 


Past Participle. 


sing, 


sang, 
sung, 


sung. 


plead, 


pleaded, 
pled, 


pleaded, 
pled. 


dream, 


dreamed, 


dreamed, 




dreamt, 


dreamt. 



quoth, 
would. 

than one 



7. Write a list often verbs, marked in the dictionar} T as 
transitive only. 

8. Write a list of ten verbs, marked as intransitive only. 

9. Write a list often verbs, marked as either transitive or 
intransitive. 

10. Write a list of ten regular verbs, and give the princi- 
pal parts of each. Use the dictionary. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 39 

11. Write a list often irregular verbs, and give the princi- 
pal parts of each. Use the dictionary. 

12. Write a list often redundant verbs, give the principal 
parts of each, and notice carefully the forms that are pre- 
ferred in the dictionary. 

XLII. 

1. An adverb. [See page 6.] 

2. As to meaning, there are adverbs of manner, place, 
time, degree, and cause. 

3. Adverbs of manner. — So, thus, well, badly, easily, 
no, yes, how, certainly, truly, indeed, perhaps, possibly, etc. 

4. Adverbs of place. — Here, there, where, above, up, 
etc. 

5. Adverbs of time. — When, now, to-day, then, ago, 
thrice, etc. 

6. Adverbs of degree. — Much, enough, nearty, too, 
quite, etc. 

7. Adverbs of cause. — Why, wherefore, therefore, 
hence, etc. 

8. A conjunctive adverb is one which connects clauses. 

We should go where duty calls. 

Our old opinions should be thrown away when we find they are worn out. 

9. Select two adverbs from each of the above classes, and 
use these words in sentences. 



XLIII. 

1. A conjunction. [See page 7.] 

2. There are two classes of conjunctions, co-ordinate and 
subordinate. 

3. A co-ordinate conjunction is one which connects 
words, phrases, independent clauses, or dependent clauses of 
the same construction. 

Who threw salt in the waters of Jericho and healed them ? 

The body decays, but the soul lives on. 

We must put forth exertion, or we shall not get development. 



4 o MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

4. A subordinate conjunction is one which serves as a 
connective between a dependent clause and an independent 
clause. 

If we are not temperate, we shall fail to do our best. 

Andre was executed, because he was a spy. 

An apprentice should do his zuork as the master wants it done. 

5. Tell whether the conjunctions on page 7 are co-ordinate 
or subordinate. 



XLIV. 

1. As to meaning, sentences are declarative, interroga- 
tive, imperative, and exclamatory. [See page 3.] 

2. As to structure, sentences are simple, complex, and 
compound. 

3. A simple sentence is one which expresses a single 
thought. 

Music is the language of the soul. 
What was the Magna Charta ? 
Strive to develop your faculties. 
How frail are our lives ! 

4. A complex sentence is one w T hich contains a de- 
pendent clause, or a subordinate sentence. 

That the planets are inhabited is not known. 

He who tries will improve. 

Death usually comes sooner than we expect it. 

5. A compound sentence is one which contains two or 
more independent clauses. 

Joy comes and grief goes. 

The body decays, but the soul lives on. 

We must work, or we shall starve. 

6. Write two simple declarative sentences. 

7. Write two simple interrogative sentences. 

8. Write two simple imperative sentences. 

9. Write two simple exclamatory sentences. 

10. Write four complex sentences. 

11. Write four compound sentences. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 41 

XLV. 

i. The subject of a sentence and the predicate of a 
sentence. [See page 4.] 

2. The object is the part of the predicate which receives 
the act. [See page 14] 

3. A simple subject is one which has no modifiers. 

Captain John Smith had the most romantic career in early American his- 
tory. 

Who won the popular name of "The Old Salamander" ? 
Why was Abraham called the father of the faithful ? 

4. A simple predicate is one which has no modifiers. 

What wonderful inventions have been made ! 
Was Andrew Johnson impeached ? 
The world is improving. 

5. A complex subject is the simple subject with its 
modifiers. 

What man fell down and gave up the ghost for lying? 

Sir Henry Hudson, an Englishman, was the first white man to set foot on 
Manhattan Island. 

Which of the New England States is noted for its fine marble ? 

6. A complex predicate is the simple predicate with its 
modifiers. 

What judge slew a thousand Philistines with a jawbone f 
Pilate was the governor ofjudea when Christ was crucified. 
Who lectured on " The Lost Arts" ? 

7. A compound subject is one which consists of two or 
more simple or complex subjects. 

Grant and Lee were great generals. 

The rich man and the poor slave lie equally low in death. 

8. A compound predicate is one which consists of two 
or more simple or complex predicates. 

The upright man seeks and finds happiness. 

A successful man must have some ability and much perseverance. 

9. Classify the following sentences, both as to structure 
and as to meaning ; and name the simple, complex, and com- 
pound subjects and predicates : 

1. Men must die. 

2. All men must die soon. 

3. Very old men must die quite soon. 

4. Men of means can not purchase health. 

5. The man who has health should prize it highly. 



42 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

6. We must all go when death conies. 

7. Men die, but the world moves on. 

8. Did Iyawrence's men give up the ship ? 

9. How few reach the summit of their expectations ! 
10. Give us this day our daily bread. 



XLVI. 

Review the following points : 

1. The interrogative pronouns. 

1. Declension. 

2. Case constructions. 

2. The adjective. 

1. Classes. 

2. Comparison. 

3. Predication. 

3. Properties of the verb. 

1. Style. 

2. Voice. 

3. Mode. 

4. Tense. 

4. Verbs as to use. 

1. Transitive. 

2. Intransitive. 

5. Verbs as to form. 

1. Regular. 

2. Irregular. 

3. Defective. 

4. Redundant. 

6. Classes of adverbs. 

7. Classes of conjunctions. 

8. Sentences. 

1. As to structure. 

2. As to meaning. 

9. The subject and the predicate. 

1. Simple. 

2. Complex. 

3. Compound. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 43 

XLVII. 

The term's course in grammar has now been completed. 
As a last lesson, the students may, if they wish, make a final 
review of the preceding lessons, but an hour should be saved 
to write out answers to the questions given below. These 
questions form an examination of about the usual difficult}'. 
Head each examination paper thus : 

Beginning Grammar. 

Name and post office. Date. 

Write with pen and ink the answers to the questions, and 
stop at the end of the hour. 

Bring to the class the papers thus produced, and the reci- 
tation time will be spent in correcting them, in answering 
questions as to the form in which county superintendents 
want examination papers written, and in answering any 
other questions that may arise. 

Questions. 

1. What is an adverb? Write a sentence containing an 
adverb modifying an adverb. 

2. Name five nouns that have the same form in both num- 
bers. 

3. Define gender. Give the classes of gender. 

4. Write a sentence containing a noun that is nominative 
in apposition. 

5. Write a sentence containing a personal pronoun in the 
dative. 

6. Decline the relative pronouns that are declinable. 

7. Outline the adjective. 

8. Name the properties of nouns and pronouns. Of verbs. 

9. Write sentences showing the past tense in the modes 
in which this tense is found. 

10. Write a complex declarative sentence. 



PART II. 
i. 

Fundamental Terms. 

i. An idea is a mental picture. 

2. A word is the sign of an idea. 

3. A thought is the product formed by linking ideas. 

4. A sentence is the expression of a thought in words. 

Grammar. 

5. Grammar is the science of the sentence. 

The Parts of Speech. 

6. With regard to their uses, words are divided into eight 
classes ; namely, noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, prep- 
osition, conjunction, and interjection. 

The Noun. 

7. A noun is a name. 

8. Nouns are either common ox proper. 

9. A common noun is a name which applies to any in- 
dividual of a class ; as, man, island, city. 

10. A proper noun is a name which applies to a particu- 
lar individual only ; as, Garfield, Cuba, Chicago. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 45 

Classes of Common Nouns. 

11. A collective noun is singular in form, though de- 
noting more than one ; as, mob, arnn^, herd. 

12. An abstract noun is the name of a quality or prop- 
erty ; as, wisdom, smoothness, cohesion. 

13. A verbal noun is the name of an action or a state of 
being, ending in ing ; as, singing, resting, seeing. 

14. Observe that all other common nouns are called class nouns. 

Properties of Nouns. 

15. The properties of nouns are person, number, gender, 
and case. 

Person. 

16. Person is that property assigned to nouns and pro- 
nouns to indicate their use with reference to the speaker, that 
which is spoken to, or that which is spoken of. 

17. Observe that we, the plural pronoun of the first person, refers not strict- 
ly to the speakers, but to the persons of the speaker's party. 

18. Nouns have three persons, the first, the second and the 
third. 

19. The first person denotes the speaker; the second 
person, that which is spoken to ; the third person, that 
which is spoken of. 

20. Observe that nouns are not inflected for person, hence this property re- 
quires but little attention ; it is assigned to nouns to render more easy the 
study of personal pronouns. 

Number. 

21. Number is that property of nouns and pronouns which 
shows whether one or more than one is meant. 

22. Nouns have two numbers, the singular and the plural. 

23. The singular number denotes but one ; as, boy, ap- 
ple, desk. 

24. The plural number denotes more than one ; as, boys, 
apples, desks. 

Formation of Plurals. 

25. Nouns regularly form their plurals by adding s to the 



46 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

singular ; but those ending in hissing sounds add es ; as, girl, 
girls ; church, churches. 

26. Nouns ending \x\y preceded by a consonant change y 
to ies ; as, lady, ladies ; glory, glories ; soliloquy, soliloquies. 

27. Observe that qu has the sound of kzu, and that u is therefore a conso- 
nant. 

28. Some nouns ending in f or fe change this ending to 
ves ; as, beef, beeves ; wife, wives. Nouns ending in ff, ex- 
cept staff, are regular. 

29. Nouns ending in preceded by a vowel add s ; those 
ending in preceded by a consonant usually add s ; folio, 
folios ; piano, pianos. 

30. Letters, figures, marks, and signs form their plurals 
by annexing an apostrophe and s ('s) ; as, 2's, l's, — 's. 

31. Compound nouns form their plurals by pluralizing 
the base ; as, step-son, step-sons ; brother-in-law, brothers-in- 
law ; Knight Templar, Knights Templars. 

32. Complex nouns pluralize the title only ; as, Mr. Hen- 
dricks, Messrs. Hendricks ; Miss Watts, Misses Watts. 

33. Observe that, while usage differs concerning the plural of complex 
nouns, it is best in all cases to pluralize the title, to secure uniformity and to 
show the exact spelling of the name. 



34. 

belief, 

brief, 

chief, 

dwarf, 

fife, 

grief, 

35- 
beef, 
calf, 
elf, 
half, 

36. These words form their plurals by adding es : 
bravado, buffalo, cargo, echo, 

bravo, calico, dornino (s), embargo, 



Exercises. 




These add ^ .• 




gulf, reproof, 


surf, 


handkerchief, reef, 


turf, 


hoof, roof, 


waif, 


kerchief, safe, 


wharf (Eng.) 


mischief, scarf, 




proof, strife, 




These change the ending to ves : 




knife, self, 


wife, 


leaf, sheaf, 


wolf. 


life, shelf, 




loaf, thief, 





MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 47 

fandango, motto, no, • tornado, 

grotto, mosquito, portico (s), volcano, 

hero, mulatto, potato, 

innuendo, negro, tomato, 

37. Irregular plurals. 

Singular. Plural. Singular. Plural. 

Child, children. Mouse, mice. 

Foot, feet. Ox, oxen. 

Goose, geese. Tooth, teeth. 

Louse, lice. Woman, women. 

Man, men. 

38. Double plural forms. 

Singular. Plural. 

-d • -, ) bricks (individuals), 

' \ brick (collection). 

Brother { brothers ( b y blood), 

'"■"( brethren (of the same society). 

~ f cannons (individuals), 

Cannon, .... < , v ,, ,. * h 

( cannon (collection). 

-p.. f dies (stamps for coining), 

' { dice (cubes for gaming). 

-p. -, ^. J fishes (individuals), 

' \ fish (collection). 

-p . f feet (parts of the body), 

' ( foot (foot-soldiers). 

tt j S heads (parts of the body), 

' ( head (of cattle). 

tj , u f heathens (individuals), 

Heathen, .. ] * ., / ^ ,. x h 
{ heathen (collection). 

Horse { horses (animals), 

' J horse (horse-soldiers). 

T -, J indexes (tables of contents), 

1 { indices (signs in algebra). 

- p t peas (distinct grains), 

' ) pease (taken in bulk). 

p 7 { pennies (distinct coins), 

^ ' ) pence (quantity in value). 

o ., i sails (pieces of canvas), 

' 1 sail (vessels). 

o^ r S shots (number of times fired), 

' ( shot (number of balls). 

(*The names of several sorts of fish, as herring, mackerel, shad, etc., are 
used in the same way.) 



4 8 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 



39. Nouns without distinction of number: 

alms, deer, odds, species, 

amends, gross, pains (care), swine, 

bellows, grouse, sheep, vermin, 

corps, 

The following have the same form in both numbers when 
used with numerals : 

brace, dozen, score, 

couple, pair, yoke. 

40. These nouns have no plural : 

mathematics,* measles (larvae, pi.), molasses, 

news, politics, 

(*Also other names of sciences ending in ics.) 

41. These nouns have no singular : 



aborigines, eaves, paraphernalia, 

ashes, entrails, regalia, 

assets, goods, riches, 

belleslettres, hose, rickets, 

bitters, hysterics, scissors, 

cattle, mammalia, shears, 

clothes, manners, suds, 

42. Compound nouns. 

These nouns pluralize the first word : 
aid-de-camp, court-martial, 

attorney-general (s). cousin-german, 
billet-doux, father-in-law, 

These nouns pluralize the last word : 



teens, 

tidings, 

tongs, 

trousers, 

tweezers, 

vespers, 

withers. 



hanger-on, 
knight-errant (s), 
man-of-war. 



courtyard, 

dormouse, 

Englishman, 

fisherman, 

forget-me-not, 

Frenchman, 



handful, 

maidservant, 

major general, 

mantrap, 

mouthful, 

pianoforte, 



portemonnaie, 

spoonful, 

stepson, 

tete-a-tete, 

toothbrush. 



43- Complex nouns : 

Singular 

Mr. Winter, 
Master Winters, 
Mrs. Daniel, 
Miss Daniels, 
Editor Haven, 
Dr. Havens, 
Alderman Hays, 



Plural. 

Messrs. W T inter. 
Masters Winters. 
Mesdames Daniel. 
Misses Daniels. 
Editors Haven. 
Drs. Havens. 
\ldermen Havs. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 



49 



44. Foreign nouns. 

These change a to ae : These change is to ides : effluvium 



alumna, 


aphis, 


erratum, 


arena (s), 


apsis, 


fulcrum (s), 


cicada (s), 


chrysalis, 


gymnasium (s), 


fibula, 


proboscis. 


herbarium (s), 


formula (s), 


These change us to i : 


medium (s), 


lamina (s), 


alumnus, 


memorandum (s), 


larva (s), 


calculus, 


perihelion, 


nebula, 


focus (es), 


phenomenon. 


vertebra. 


fungus (es), 


rostrum (s), 


These change a to ata : genius (ge-ni-US), 


spectrum, 


dogma (s), 


hippopotamus (es), 


speculum (s), 


miasma, 


magus, 


stratum (s). 


stigma (s). 


nautilus (es), 


These change ex to ices : 


These change is to 


es: nucleus (es), 


apex (es), 


amanuensis, 


polypus (es), 


index (es), 


analysis, 


radius (es), 


vertex (es), 


antithesis, 


sarcophagus (es), 


vortex (es). 


axis, 


stimulus, 


These change x to ces : 


basis, 


terminus, 


appendix (es), 


crisis, 


tumulus. 


calyx (es), 


diaeresis, 


These change um or on cicatrix, 


ellipsis, 


to a : 


helix (es), 


hypothesis, 


animalculum, 


matrix, 


metamorphosis, aphelion, 


radix (es). 


oasis, 


aquarium (s), 


These change to i : 


parenthesis, 


arcanum, 


libretto, 


synopsis, 


automaton (s), 


virtuoso (s). 


synthesis, 


criterion (s), 


thesis. 


desideratum, 




Iyess regular : 




Singular. 


Plural. Singular . 


Plural. 


Bandit, 


banditti (s). Monsieui 


Messieurs. 


Beau, 


beaux (s). Mr., 


Messrs. 


Cherub, 


cherubim (s). Phalanx, 


phalanges (es) 


Genus, 


genera. Seraph, 


seraphim (s). 


Hiatus, 


hiatus (es). Stamen, 


stamina (s). 


Madame, 


Mesdames. 





5o 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 



II. 

Gender. 

i. Gender is a grammatical distinction expressing the 
sex of the object named. 

2. Nouns are therefore divided into two classes ; neuter 
nouns, or those which do not, either by form or meaning, ex- 
press the sex of the object named, and ^«^r nouns, or those 
which do express the sex. The latter are divided into mas- 
culine and femini?ie nouns. 

3. Masculine nouns are the names of males ; feminine 
nouns are the names of females. 

4. Gender is expressed by a change of ending of the word, 
by a different word, and by forming compound words. 

Exercises. 

5. By a change of ending. 



Masculine. 


Feminine 


Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Abbot, 


abbess. 


Hunter, 


huntress. 


Administrator 


, administratrix 


. Idolater, 


idolatress. 


Author, 


authoress. 


Infante, 


infanta. 


Baron, 


baroness. 


Instructor, 


instructress. 


Benefactor, 


benefactress. 


Jew, 


Jewess. 


Count, 


countess. 


Lion, 


lioness. 


Czar, 


czarina. 


Mediator, 


mediatr-ix, ess 


Deacon, 


deaconess. 




f marchioness, 
( marquise. 


Don, 


donna. 


Marquis, 


Duke, 


duchess. 


Monitor, 


monitress. 


Editor, 


editress. 


Negro, 


negress. 


Elector, 


electress. 


Ogre, 


ogress. 


Emperor, 


empress. 


Patron, 


patroness. 


Enchanter, 


enchantress. 


Peer, 


peeress. 


Equestrian, 


equestrienne. 


Poet, 


poetess. 


Executor, 


executrix. 


Priest, 


priestess. 


Giant, 


giantess. 


Prince, 


princess. 


God, 


goddess. 


Prior, 


prioress. 


Governor, 


governess. 


Prophet, 


prophetess. 


Heir, 


heiress. 


Proprietor, 


proprietress. 


Hero, 


heroine. 


Prosecutor, 


prosecutrix. 


Host, 


hostess. 


Protector, 


protectress. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 



5i 



Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Shepherd, 


vshepherdess. 


Tiger, 


tigress. 


Signor, 


signora. 


Traitor, 


traitoress. 


Songster, 


songstress. 


Tragedian, 


tragedienne, 


Sorcerer, 


sorceress. 


Tutor, 


tutoress. 


Sultan, 


( sultana, 
( sultaness. 


Viscount, 


viscountess. 


Votary, 


votaress. 


Testator, 


testatrix. 


Waiter, 


waitress. 


6. By a 


different word. 






Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Bachelor, 


maid. 


Lad, 


lass. 


Beau, 


belle. 


Lord, 


lady. 


Boy, 


girl. 


Male, 


female. 


Bridegroom, 


1 bride. 


Man, 


woman. 


Groom, 




Master, 


Mistress. 


Bullock, 


heifer. 


Master, 


Miss. 


Brother, 


sister. 


Mr., 


f Mrs. 


Buck, 


doe. 


| Miss. 


Bull, 


cow. 


Nephew, 


niece. 


Cock, 


hen. 


Papa, 


{ mamma, 
/ mama. 


Drake, 


duck. 


Earl, 


countess. 


Ram, 


1 ewe. 


Father, 


mother. 


Buck, 


Friar, 


[ nun. 


Sir, 


Madam. 


Monk, 


Sire, 


dam. 


Gander, 


goose. 


Son, 


daughter. 


Gentleman, 


lady. 


Stag, 


hind. 


Hart, 


roe. 


Steer, 


heifer. 


Horse, 


mare. 


Uncle, 


aunt. 


Husband, 


wife. 


Widower, 


widow. 


King, 


queen. 


Wizard, 


witch. 



7. Compound words. 

Masculine. Feminine. 

Archduke, archduchess. 

Brother in-law, sister-in-law. 
Gentleman, gentlewoman. 
Grandfather, grandmother. 
Landlord, landlady. 

8. Christian names. 



Masculine. Feminine. 

Manservant, maidservant. 

Peacock, peahen. 

Schoolmaster, schoolmistress. 

Stepfather, stepmother. 



Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Albert, 


Alberta. 


Aurelius, 


Aurelia. 


Augustus, 


Augusta. 


Cecil, 


Cecilia. 



52 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 



Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Charles, 


Charlotte. 




fjane, 


Christian, 


Christiana. 


John, 


1 Joan, 


Claudius, 


Claudia. 


| Joanna, 


Cornelius, 


Cornelia. 




[Johanna. 


David, 


Vida. 


Julius, 


Julia. 


Bugene, 


Eugenia. 


Louis, 


f Louisa, 
{ Louise. 


Francis, 


Frances. 


Frederic, 


Frederica. 


Lucius, 


Lucy. 


George, 


K Georgiana, 
) Georgina. 


Marcius, 


Marcia. 


Octavius, 


Octavia. 


Gerald, 


Geraldine. 


Philip, 


Philippa. 


Henry, 


f Harriet, 
{ Henrietta. 


Serenus, 


Serena. 


Stephen, 


Stephana 


Jesse, 


Jessie. 


Sylvanus, 


Sylvia. 


Joseph, 


K Josepha, 
\ Josephine. 


Theodore, 


Theodora 


Victor, 


Victoria. 



III. 

Case, 
i. Case is that property of nouns and pronouns which is 
assigned to them with reference to their relations to other 
words. 

2. There are three cases, the nominative, the possessive, 
and the objective. 

The Relations of the Nominative Case of Nouns. 

3. A noun or pronoun which is the subject of a finite verb 
must be in the nominative case. 

"Jesus wept:'— John, 11: 35. 

"Great Caesar fell:" — Julius Caesar, III., 2. 

4. A noun or personal pronoun limiting another noun or 
pronoun, denoting the same person or thing, is in the same 
case by apposition. 

" Time, the tomb-builder, holds his fierce career."— The Closing Year: 
Geo. D. Prentice. 

"This new and gorgeous garment, majesty, sits not so easy on me as you 
think."— Henry IV., Part 2, V., 2. 

5. Observe that the appositive relation belongs to the other cases as well 
as to the nominative. 

6. A noun or pronoun in predicate with a neuter or a pas- 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 53 

sive verb takes the same case as the subject, when both words 
refer to the same thing. 

"The whole affair is a manifest catch-penny."- Main Street : Hawthorne. 
"It has become his master." — Crime its own Detecter : Daniel Webster. 
"Now is the winter of our discontent 
Made glorious summer by this sun of York." — Richard III., I., i. 

7. When the subject of the infinitive is the same as the 
subject of the finite verb, the noun or pronoun in predicate 
with a neuter or a passive infinitive is in the nominative case, 

"I'm to be Queen of the May."— The May Queen : Tennyson. 
"The panel was to remain a caparison." — Don Quixote, Part 1, Chap. 45. 
"He wants /o ^ wm^ captain that he may be called captain." — Sesame 
and I v ilies : John Ruskin. 

8. A noun or pronoun in predicate with a neuter or a pas- 
sive participle is in the nominative case. 

"Now Peter and John went up together into the temple at the hour of 
prayer, being the ninth hour." — Acts, III., 1. 

"Nor, being a judge, would I have thee dress like a soldier." — Don Quix- 
ote, Part 2, Chap. 51. 

9. A noun which represents the person addressed is in the 
nominative independent case. 

"Sancho, let Rozinante be saddled." — Don Quixote, Part 1, Chap. 46. 
"Gentlemen, this a most extraordinary case " — Crime its own Detecter : 
Daniel W T ebster. 

10. A noun which, is used as an exclamation is in the nom- 
inative independent case. 

"An American ! and disloyal to the interests of the human race !"— The 
Pilot, Chap. 14 : Cooper. 

"Alas, poor Yorick !" — Hamlet, V., 1. 

11. A noun which is used simply as an inscription, the 
heading of a chapter, or the title of a book, is in the nomina- 
tive independent case. 

"Paradise IyOST." "Webster's International Dictionary." 

12. A noun or pronoun which is not necessary to the con- 
struction is in the nominative independent case, by pleonasm. 

"Gad, a troop shall overcome him." — Genesis, 49: 19. 

"The boy — oh ! where was he?" — Casabianca : Mrs. Hemans. 

13. Observe that pleonasm should be sparingly used, and only when it is 
introduced under the influence of strong emotion. It has been introduced here 
to enable the student to account for its use in good literature. 

14. A noun or pronoun which is used independently with a 
participle is in the nominative case. 

"A jar of honey having been upset in a housekeeper's room, a number of 
flies were attracted by its sweetness."— The Flies and the Honey Pot : J£)sop. 



54 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

"The ring being^ formed, two or three ride toward the horses." — Capturing 
the Wild Horse : Irving. 

15. Direction. — Bring in illustrations of each of the ten relations of the 
nominative case of nouns. 



IV. 



Formation of the Possessive Case of Nouns. 

1. Steps for writing nouns in the possessive case. 

1. Write the word. 

2. Add the apostrophe. 

3. Add s to all nouns in the singular, and to plurals not ending in s. 

2. Direction. — Write the possessive of the following : 
John, Charles, Agnes, Moses, Ross, boy, boys, man, men, 
duchess, deer, sheep, corps, bellows, father-in-law, fathers- 
in-law, stepson, stepsons, Master Winters, Masters Winters, 
Mr. Winter, Messrs. Winter. 

The Relations of the Possessive Case of Nouns. 

3. A noun or pronoun which limits the meaning of another 
noun, denoting a different person or thing, is put in the pos- 
sessive case. 

"Into Hiawatha's wigwam 

Came two other guests." — The Famine : H. W. Longfellow. 
"Maud Muller, on a summer's day, 

Raked the meadow sweet with hay." — Maud Muller : J. G. Whittier. 

4. In apposition. 

"For Herod had laid hold on John, and bound him, and put him in prison 
for Herodias' sake, his brother Philip's wife." — Matthew 14 : 3. 

"He took it out of Elishama, the scribe's chamber." — Jeremiah, 36 : 21. 

5. Observe that the possessive sign is added to the word immediately pre- 
ceding the limited noun ; hence it may be added to an appositive, to a pronom- 
inal adjective, or to a noun that is object of a preposition. 

"A boy who is fond of somebody else's pencil case." — G. Eliot. 
"The discourse extremely affected me, and called to my mind the mate of 
the ship's joy." — Robinson Crusoe. 

6. A noun or pronoun may limit a participle that has the 
construction of a noun. 

"I have been unhappy myself all night to think of Dora's being so." — 
David Copperfield, Chap. 44. 

"On Jason's inquiring whether they could do him any service, the king 
answered that he was terribly tormented with three great winged creatures." 
—The Golden Fleece : Hawthorne. 

7. Direction. — Bring in sentences illustrating each of the three relations 
of the possessive case of nouns. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 55 

V. 

The Relations of the Objective Case of Nouns. 

1. A noun or pronoun which is the object of a transitive 
verb is in the objective case. This is true of infinitives and 
participles as well as of finite verbs. 

2. Object of a finite verb. 

"We build the ladder by which we rise." — Gradatim : Holland. 
"Wisdom hath builded her house." — Prov., 9 : 1. 

3. In apposition with the object of a finite verb. 

"I met an old comrade of mine, one Peter Williams." — A Voyage to 141- 
liput : Swift. 

"I seized that cursed skeleton, Voltaire." — Baron Munchausen, Chap. 34. 

4. Object of an infinitive. 

"So the multitude comes, even those we behold, 
To repeat every tale that has often been told !" — Oh ! Why Should the 
Spirit of Mortal be Proud? William Knox. 
"Child of the sun ! to thee 'tis given 
To guard the banner of the free." — The American Flag: Joseph Rod- 
man Drake. 

5. Object of a participle. 

"I can fancy the emotions of Galileo when, first raising the newly con- 
structed telescope to the heavens, he saw fulfilled the grand prophecy of 
Corpernicus." — Discoveries of Galileo : Edward Everett. 
"The drawbridge dropped with a surly clang, 
And through the dark arch a charger sprang, 

Bearing Sir Launfal, the maiden knight." — The Vision of Sir L/aunfal : 
James Russell Lowell, 

6. A noun or pronoun which is the object of a preposition 
is in the objective case. 

"An aged man was standing at a window." — Jean Paul Richter. 
"And wider still those billows o/war, 
Thundered along the horizon's bar." — Sheridan's Ride : Thomas Buchan- 
an Read. 

7. A noun or pronoun which is the subject of an infinitive, 
is in the objective case, unless the subject of the infinitive is 
the same as the subject of the finite verb. 

"The} r suppose truth, justice, temperance, and the like, to be in every 
man's power." — A Voyage to L,illiput : Swift. 

"I seem to see the black procession ^o."— Agassiz : James Russell Lowell. 

8. Direction. — Bring in the six relations of the objective case of nouns, 
illustrated above. 



56 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

VI. 

i. Verbs oi making, choosing, calling, regarding, showing, 
and the like, may be followed by Iwo objectives of the same 
person or thing : the former is the object of the verb ; the 
latter is in predicate with the verb. 

"Aye ! he has dub bed -rim knight." — The Pilot, Chap. 14. 
"We call rewards and punishments the two hinges upon which all gov- 
ernment turns." — A Voyage to Lilliput, Chap. 6. 

2. When the subject of an infinitive is in the objective 
case a noun or pronoun in predicate with the infinitive is in 
the objective case [III., 6]. 

"He may show himself to be an excellent astronomer." — Don Quixote, 
Part 1., Chap. 47. 

"He knew them to be servants of a prince." — A Voyage toLilliput : Swift. 

3. Nouns which express measure or direction may be used 
like adverbs, to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. 
These nouns are called adverbial objectives. 

4. Adverbial objective modifying a verb. 

"Full twenty times have I met the hirelings of your prince in open battle." 
—The Pilot, Chap. 14. 

"Tell my sister not to weep for me, and sob with drooping head, 
When the boys come marching home again, with glad and gallant tread." 
— Bingen on the Rhine : Caroline E. Norton. 

5. Verbs of giving, making, teaching, telling, showing, 
asking, and the like, may be followed by two objectives — 
one of the person and the other of the thing : the former is 
called a dative, or indirect object ; the latter is a direct object 
of the verb. 

"G/^ your children bread, O Father !"— The Famine: H. W. Longfel- 
low. 

"Then will I teach transgressors thy ways."— Psalms, 51 : 13. 

6. Several of the verbs, which, in the active voice, may 
be followed by both an indirect object and a direct object, 
may, in the passive, be followed by a noun or pronoun in the 
objective case ; hence some prefer to say that both words are 
direct objects of the active verb. While it is not common to 
give a verb two objects, or to allow a passive verb to take an 
object, it is certain that such constructions occur in our best 
literature. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 57 

Webster's International Dictionary says : "This verb 
[teach] is often used with two objects, one of the person, the 
other of the thing, as, He taught me Lati?i grammar. In 
the passive construction, either of these objects may be re- 
tained in the objective case, while the other becomes the sub- 
ject ; as, I was taught Latin grammar hy him ; Latin gram- 
mar was taught me by him. 

7. By placing the indirect object after the direct, the 
dative usually becomes the object of a preposition. This has 
led some into the error of saying that the dative objective is 
object of to, fo r, or of ] "understood." The dative was once 
distinguished by an ending, as the possessive is now ; hence 
one would as well say that of is understood with William's, 
because we may use of William, instead. The dative is one 
form of the adverbial objective. 

8. The words nigh, near, ?iext, and like, both as adjectives 
and adverbs, may be followed by a dative objective. Some 
think these words are prepositions, but a careful examina- 
tion of usage will show that they are never prepositions. 
They are often regularly compared, showing them either ad- 
jectives or adverbs, and, in early literature, the} T were often 
followed by prepositions, which are now usually omitted. 
It is decidedly better to say that the nouns or pronouns fol- 
lowing these words are in the dative, than to mar good Eng- 
lish by supplying prepositions, where the authors have pre- 
ferred to omit them. 

"I saw a lake whose frozen surface liker seemed to glass than water." — 
Dante's Inferno, Canto 23 : 62. 

"Now Bethan5^ was nigh unto Jerusalem." — John, 11 : 18. 

"And the Jews' passover was nigh at hand." — John, 11 : 55. 

"The place where Jesus was crucified was nigh to Jerusalem." — John, 
19 : 20. 

"It came near unto one of them." — Daniel, 7 : 16. 

"Nebuchadnezzar came near to the mouth of the burning fiery furnace." — 
Dan., 3 :" 26. 

"Let us see that other next to him."— Don Quixote, Part 1, Chap. 46. 

"He is like unto a man beholding his natural face in a glass." — James, 
1 : 23. 

"Thev entered the wood that was near the roadside."— Don Quixote, Part 
1, Chap. 58. 



58 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

"Egypt riseth up like a flood." — Jer., 46 : 8. 

"The little bird sits at the door in the sun, 
Atilt like a blossom among the leaves."— The Vision of Sir Launfal : 
James Russell Lowell. 

"Somewhat apart from the village, and nearer the Basin of Minas 
Benedict Bellefontaine, the wealthiest farmer of Grand Pre, 
Dwelt on his goodly acres." — Evangeline : H. W. Longfellow. 

9. Adverbial objective modifying an adjective. 

"There was a turret five feet high."— A Voyage to Lilliput : Swift. 
"And when Jesus was twelve years old, they went up to Jerusalem after 
the custom of the feast." — St. Luke, 2 : 42. 

10. Adverbial objective modifying an adverb. 

"The bird of dawning singeth all night long." — Hamlet, I., 1. 

"He draws a chair close to the window, and sits there, looking at them and 
arranging them, all day long." — Nicholas Nickleby, Chap. 40. 

"A year ago, I visited the spot, and the thought of bygone years came 
mournfully back to me." — The Thunder Storm : George D. Prentice. 

11. Bring in sentences illustrating each of the relations of the objective 
case of nouns, illustrated in Lesson VI. 



VII. 

i. Give the case relation of each of the following nouns 
and pronouns : 

1. "He seems a clergyman."— Main Street : Hawthorne. 

2. "Reprobate silver shall men call them." — Jer., 6 : 30. 

3. "The poor girl was not able to hide her joy." — A Voyage to Brobding- 
nag : Swift. 

4. "As it is written, I have made thee a father of many nations." — Romans, 
4: 17. 

5. "So, closing his heart, the Judge rode on." — Maud Muller : J. G. Whit- 
tier. 

6. "On Horeb's rock the prophet stood." — Elijah's Interview : Campbell. 

7. "I will ask thee a thing."— Jer., 38 : 14. 

8. "Have you calculated your power justly, John?" — The Pilot, Chap. 14. 

9. "You talk like a weak and prejudiced woman, Alice." — The Pilot, 
Chap. 14. 

10. "They invited me to that kingdom in the emperor, their master's, 
name." — A Voyage to Lilliput : Swift. 

11. "He stood nearly six feet and as many inches in his shoes." — The Pilot, 
Chap. 2. 

12. "I accepted an advantageous offer from Captain William Prichard, mas- 
ter of the Antelope." — A Voyage to Lilliput: Swift. 

13. "They were too earnest to be rhetoricians." — Ideas the Life of a People : 
Geo. W. Curtis. 

14. "Good heaven, how many princes did he name !"— Don Quixote, Part 1, 
Chap. 18. 

15. "Nor could I regard him as a safe counsellor in the affairs of thisgove rn- 
ment, whose thoughts should be mainly bent on considering, not how the Un- 
ion should be preserved, but how it shall be broken and destroyed." — Liberty 
and Union, 1830 : Webster. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 59 

16. "She is not worth two farthings for a queen." — Don Quixote, Part 1., 
Chap. 7. 

17. "Libert}^ having been granted me, my last request was for permission 
to see Milendo, the metropolis." — A Voyage 'to Lilliput : Swift. 

18. "Now, the exiles have found so much credit in the emperor of Belfuscu's 
court." — A Voyage to Lilliput : Swift. 

19. "A horse ! a horse ! my kingdom for a horse !" — Richard III., V., 4. 

20. "Behold what manner of love the Father hath bestowed upon us, that we 
should be called the sons of God." — I. John, 3 : 1. 

21. "Ye ought to be teachers." — Heb., 5 ; 12. 

22. "I Paul have written it." — Philemon, 19. 

23. "Bring Zenas, the lawyer, and Appollos on their journev diligentlv." — 
Titus, 3 : 13. 

24. "Behold also, the gallows fifty cubits high." — Esther, 7 : 9. 

25. "For he that is called in the Lord, being a servant, is the Lord's free- 
man." — I. Cor., 7: 22. 

26. "I now intend to give the reader a short description of it." — A Voyage to 
Brobdingnag : Swift. 

27. "O, the waves of life danced merrily, 

And had a joyous flow, 
In the days when we were pioneers, 

Fifty years ago " — Fifty Years Ago : W. D. Gallagher. 

28. "We hear life murmur, or see it glisten." — The Vision of Sir Launfal : 
James Russell Lowell. 

29. "Jesus sayeth unto her, Woman, why weepest thou? whom seekest 
thou? She, supposing him to be the gardener, sayeth unto him, Sir, if thou 
have borne him hence, tell me where thou hast borne him, and I will take 
him away." — St. John, 20 : 15. 

30. "She was now to return home." — The Thunder Storm : Geo. D. Prentice. 

31. "I discovered this, by his being out on the second or third evening of 
our visit, and hy Mrs. Gummidge's looking tip at the Dutch clock, between 
eight and nine, and saying he was there, and that, what was more, she had 
known in the morning he would go there."— David Copperfield, Chap. 3. 



VIII. 

The Pronoun. 

1. A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. 

Classes. 

2. There are three classes of pronouns, personal, relative, 
and interrogative. 

Personal Pronouns. 

3. A personal pronoun is one whose form expresses 
grammatical person ; as, /, for the first \ yon, for the second ; 
he, for the third. 



6o 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 



SECOND PERSON. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


thou, 


ye, you, 


thy, thine, 
thee, 


your, yours 
you. 



4. There are two classes of personal pronouns, the simple 
and the compound. 

5. The simple personal pronouns are: /, you, (solemn, 
thou), he, she, and it, with their inflections. 

6. Declension is the inflection, or change, to show dif- 
ference of number and case. 

Declension of the Simple Personal Pronouns. 

FIRST PERSON. 
Singular. Plural. 

Nom. I, we, 

Poss. my, mine, our, ours, 
Obj. me, us. 

THIRD PERSON. 

Singular. 

Mas. Fern. Neut. 

Nom. he, she, it, 

Poss. his, her, hers, its, 
Obj. him, her, it. 

7. The compound personal pronouns are formed by add- 
ing self ox selves to the possessive of the first and second sim- 
ple personal pronouns, and to the objective of the third sim- 
ple personals. The} 7 have the same form for the nominative 
and objective, but are never in the possessive. 

FIRST PERSON. 

Singular. 
Nom. and Obj. myself, ourself, 

SECOND PERSON. 

Nom. and Obj. thyself, yourself, 

THIRD PERSON. 

Masc. himself, 
Nom. and Obj. \ Fern, herself, 
Neut. itself. 



Plural. 

they, 

their, theirs, 

them. 



Plural. 
ourselves. 

yourselves, 
themselves. 



Properties of the Personal Pronouns. 

8. The properties of the personal pronouns are the same 
as those of the noun, but he and she and their compounds, 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 61 

and their case forms, in the singular, are the only pronouns 
of any class that have gender. 

9. The masculine forms he, his, him, are used to refer to 
persons of either sex, indifferently, or to conceal the sex of 
the person referred to. 

"If any of } 7 ou lack wisdom, let him ask of God." — James, 1 : 5. 
"Never prove false to a friend, 

In love and friendship be true ; 
Never prove false to a friend, 

So long as he's true to you." — Never Prove False to a Friend. 

10. The personal pronouns, mine, ours, thine, yours, his, 
hers, and theirs, have sometimes been called possessive pro- 
nouns, on account of their peculiarity in representing both 
the name of the possessor and the name of the thing possessed. 
Mine, thine, etc., are equivalent to my, thy, etc., with what- 
ever noun has been omitted ; as, my owning, my possessing, 
my liking, my choosing, or whatever the sense demands. 

"And the third leaf sang, 'Be mine!"" — The Singing leaves: James Rus- 
sell Iyowell. 

"All we know, or dream, or fear of agony are thine." — Marco Bozzaris : 
Fitz Greene Halleck. 

11. Sentences may be constructed, containing personal pro- 
nouns in most of the relations of case found under nouns ; but 
as some of these are not often found in good literature, such 
constructions are omitted here. 

The Relations of the Nominative Case of Personal 

Pronouns. 

12. Subject of a finite verb. 

"Arm ! arm ! it is, it is the cannon's deadly roar!" — The Field of Water- 
loo : Byron. 

"He was the first man of the time in which he grew." — The Birthday of 
Washington : Rufus Choate. 

13. In apposition with the subject of a finite verb. 

il He himself entered into the sjmagogue, and reasoned with the Jews." — 
Acts, 18 : 19, 

" We are two travelers, Roger and /."—The Vagabonds: J. T. Trowbridge. 

14. In predicate with the finite verb. 

"Be of good cheer, it is I ; be not afraid." — St. Matthew, 14 ; 27. 
"O, is this he?"— KingL-ear, V., III. 

15. Independent with a participle. 

"They being penitent, the sole drift of my purpose doth extendnot a frown 
further."— The Tempest, V., I. 



62 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

"He being gone, she summoned back her child."— The Scarlet Letter, 
Chap 15. 

16. Independent by pleonasm. 

"The wind-flower and the violet, they perished long ago." — The Death of 
the Flowers : Bryant. 

"The soul that sinneth, it shall die." — Ezek., 18 : 20. 

17. Direction. — Bring in sentences illustrating each of the five relations of 
the nominative case of personal pronouns. 



IX. 

The Relations of the Possessive Case of Personal 

Pronouns. 

1. Limiting a noun. 

"O give me back my childhood days." — The Two Roads : Jean PaulRichter. 
"Man passeth from life to his rest in the grave." — Oh ! Why Should the 
Spirit of Mortal be Proud? William Knox. 

2. Limiting a participle. 

"On my imparting this discovery in confidence to Peggotty, she informed 
me that her brother dealt in lobsters, crabs, aud crawfish."— David Copperfield, 
Chap. 3. 

"That occasioned his calling for him." — Sindbad the Sailor. 

3. Direction. — Bring in sentences illustrating each of the relations of the 
possessive case of personal pronouns. 

The Relations of the Objective Case of Personal 

Pronouns. 

4. Object of a finite verb. 

"No aid could reach him."— The Main Truck, or a Leap for Life : Coltou. 
"The grave hath won thee." — Absalom : N. P. Willis. 

5. Object of an infinitive. 

"I have sent to seek him."— Hamlet, IV., 3. 
"And he desired to see him." — Luke, 9 : 9. 

6. Object of a participle. 

"They have fulfilled them in condemning him."— The Acts, 13 : 27. 
"I was afraid of confusing her." — David Copperfield, Chap. 21. 

7. Object of a preposition. 

"And Esther obtained favor in sight of all 0/" them- who looked upon her." 
—Esther, 2 : 15. 

"But a comrade stood beside him, while his life blood ebbed away." — 
Bingen on the Rhine: Caroline E. Norton. 

8. Subject of an infinitive. 

"The Lilliputians avow themselves to be deputies of providence." — Gul- 
liver's Travels, Chap. 6. 

"For such it seems he took me to be." — A Voyage to Brobdingnag, Chap. 3. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 63 

9. The dative. 

"Be merciful and give me a little clew to help me to understand you." — 
Ben-Hur, Chap. 4. 

"I promise him an earldom." — The Pilot, Chap. 14. 

10. Direction.— Bring in sentences illustrating each of the six relations of 
the objective case of personal pronouns. 



X. 



i. Give the case relations of each of the following nouns 
and pronouns : 

1. "Behold an emblem of thy life." — The Two Roads : Jean Paul Richter. 

2. "As the ground was before, thus let it be." — The Field of Waterloo: 
Byron. 

3. "They promised amply to repay him the favor." — The Wasps, the Par- 
tridges, and' the Farmers : ^Esop. 

4. "Thy rod and thy staff, they comfort me." — Psalms, 23 : 4. 

5. "And he gave the covenant of circumcision." — The Acts, 7 : 8. 

6. "My son, give me thine heart, and let thine heart observe my ways." — 
Prov., 23 : 26. 

7. "He that hath an ear, let him hear."— Rev., 2 : 7. 

8. "For my people is foolish, they have not known me." — Jer., 4 : 22. 
9 "Their waters, they issued out of the sanctuary." — Ezek., 47 : 12. 

10. "They brought him near before him." — Dan., 7 : 13. 

11. "One shall then open him the gate." — Ezek., 46: 12. 

12. "Let them give us pulse to eat." — Dan., 1 : 12. 

13. "Cedric felt it to be quite a proper and suitable ejaculation." — Little 
Lord Fauntleroy, Chap. 2 : Frances Hodgson Burnett. 

14. "The age, the dress, and the dignity of deportment of most of these war- 
riors indicated them to be of high rank." — The Spy, Chap. 32 : J. F. Cooper. 

15. "Wife of mine, tell me now, 

Do you join me in feeling ?" — Lucile, II., IV., II. 

16. "Answer, soul of Lucile, to this dark soul of mine." — Lucile, II., V., XII. 

17. "WTiom makest thou thyself?" — John, 8 : 53. 

18. "There I was comfortable, and not afraid of being myself." — David Cop- 
perfield, Chap. 8. 

19. "I being in the way, the Lord led me to the house of my master's breth- 
ren." — Gen., 24: 27. 

20. "That I am he, let me a little shew it, even in this." — Julius Caesar, 
III., I. 

21. "Give us this day our daily bread." — Mat., 6 : 11. 

22. "She nodded 'yes,' and went to the door to listen for his coming up." — 
David Copperfield, Chap. 3. 

23. "His honor might command him to conceal it."— A Voj-age to the Coun- 
try of the Houyhnhnms, Chap. 3 : Dean Swift. 

24. "I married me a wife." — The Canterbury Pilgrims : Hawthorne. 

25. "Help me to understand you." — Ben-Hur, VII., IV. 

26. "Must I add that I have been, myself, verj T ill in consequence of your 
violence and its effects?" — Guy Manuering, Chap. 2. 



64 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

27. "And though they themselves shall affirm that they are not within, yet 
the answer will not be taken." — Bacon's Essay on Death. 

28. "You ! who are betrothed to another, I know . 

You ! whose name with Lucile's nearly ten years ago 
Was coupled by ties which you broke : you ! the man 
I reproach'd on the day our acquaintance began." — Lucile, I., V., XIV. 

29. "I never have spoken of this poor heart of mine." — Lucile, II., III., IX, 

30. "Ben-Hur was proceeding to further speech, when the crowd surged for- 
ward, thrusting him out on the side of the walk next to the woods, and carry- 
ing the stranger away." — Ben-Hur, Book IV., Chap. 6. 

31. "Having shaken it with great cordiality she pulled me towards her." — 
David Copperfield, Chap. 14. 

32. "The tracery of care and of sickness is upon his haggard features, but I 
see in them, and in the soul which they represent to me, the majesty of man- 
liness." — Animal Content , J. G. Holland. 

33. "Something in her there was that set you thinking of those back- 
grounds of Raphael."— Lucile, I., III., XXIV. 

34. "I am thankful that my Teresa behaved like herself." — Don Quixote, 
Part II., Chap. 57. 

35. "Thou gavest them me." — John, 17: 6. 

36. "They answered him, no." — John, 21 : 5. 

37. "I came near them." — A Vo3 7 age to the Country of the Houyhuhnms, 
Chap. 2. 

38. "But I believe it was you who had a boyish passion for her !" — David 
Copperfield, Chap. 32. 

39. "Conrad, he took the oxen, but he left Kentucky Belle." — Kentucky 
Belle: Miss C. F. Woolson. 

40. "I am not he." — The Acts, 13 : 25. 

41. "It being low water, he went out with the tide." — David Copperfield, 
Chap. 30. 

42. "What is the use of my saying what some of these opinions are?" — Au- 
tocrat of the Breakfast Table, Chap. 2. 

43. "Their veering about, apparently without effort, and the shifting and 
furling of their sails resembling huge wings, filled them with astonishment." 
— Irving's Life and Voyages of Columbus, Book IV., Chap. 1. 

44. "B was called tenant paravail, or the lowest tenant ; being he who was 
supposed to make avail, or profit of the land." — Ancient English Tenures: 
Sir William Blackstone. 



XL 

Relative Pronouns. 

1. A relative pronoun represents a noun or pronoun to 
which it joins a dependent clause ; as, 

"Our bachelor uncle, who lives with us, is quite a genial man." — The Fish 
I Didn't Catch : J. G. Whittier. 

"I, for my part, knew the tailor that made the wings she flew withal." — 
The Merchant of Venice, III., I. 

2. The simple relative pronouns are who, which, and 
that. 

3. Who refers to persons, which to things, and that to 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 65 

either persons or things. In introducing- restrictive clauses, 
that is preferred. 

"Arise, fair Sun, and kill the envious Moon, 

Who is already sick and pale with grief."— Romeo and Juliet, II., II. 
"So were there daggers, which, unwiped we found upon their pillows." — 
Macbeth, II., I. 

"The evil that men do lives after them." — Julius Caesar, III., II. 

4. The compound relative pronouns are whoso, who- 
ever, whosoever, whichever, whichsoever, what, whatever, and 
whatsoever. 

5. Relative pronouns agree with their antecedent nouns 
and pronouns in person and number ; this should be carefully 
observed when the relative is a subject. 

"It will be a very nice portrait too, though /say it who am the painter."— 
Nicholas Nickleby, Chap. 10. 

" We that are young shall never see so much, nor live so long." — King 
Lear, V., III. 

6. The relative pronouns never change their form for per- 
son, number, or gender, and who and whosoever are the only 
ones that change their form for case. 

Declension of the Relative Pronouns. 

Nom. who, whosoever. 
Poss. whose, whosesoever. 
Obj. whom, whomsoever. 

Case Relations of the Relative Pronouns. 

7. Nominative subject of a finite verb. 

"You must acquire and beget a temperance that may give it smoothness." 
—Hamlet, III., IV. 

"I will send you to my brother Gloster, 
Who shall reivard j^ou better for my life 
Than Edward will for tidings of my death."— Richard the Third, I., II. 

8. Possessive case. 

"And here also flourished in ancient times those bands of gallant outlaws 
whose deeds have been rendered so popular in English song." — Ivanhoe, 
Chap. 1. 

"The students, whose coming there had long been expected, now came 
trooping in, over two hundred of them."— life, I y etters, and Journals of I^ouisa 
M. Alcott. 

9. Object of a verb. 

"Such was the young man whom the Reverend Mr. Wilson and the Gov- 
ernor had introduced:'— Scarlet fetter, Chap. 2. 

"But he whom God raised again saw no corruption."— Acts, 18 : 37. 



66 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

10. Object of a preposition. 

"Woe unto the man by whom he is betrayed." — St. Luke, 22 : 22. 
"Duncan pointed out the door by which Magua had come." — Last of the 
Mohicans, Chap. 25. 

11. Give the case relations of the nouns and pronouns in 
the following sentences : 

1. "Things are not what they seem." — Psalm of Life : Longfellow. 

2. "This troubled me the more for a long time, because I had soon told 
Steerforth, from whom I could no more keep such a secret." — David Copper- 
field, Chap. 24. 

3. "For the Sou of Man is come to save that which was lost." — St. Mark, 
18: 17. 

4. "He who wishes to prosper in Indian warfare must not be too proud to 
learn from the wit of a native." — Last of the Mohicans, Chap. 20. 

5. "We know our own callings, and they are what I consider natural." — 
The Pathfinder, Chap. 2. 

6. "He prayed for those whose love had been his shield." — Absalom : N. P. 
W T illis. 

7. "There was likewise a minister of the gospel whom the English bishops 
had forbidden to preach." — Grandfather's Chair : Hawthorne, 

8. "I thrice presented him a kingly crown, 

Which he did thrice refuse." — Julius Caesar, III., II. 

9. "The basin was left on the ground ; with which Don Quixote was satis- 
fied, observing that the pagan had acted discreetly, and in imitation of the 
beaver, which, when closely pursued by the hunters, tears off with his teeth 
that which it knows by instinct to be the object of pursuit." — Don Quixote, 
Part 1, Chap. 21. 

10. "I begged he would forbear applying that word to me, and make the 
same order in his family and among his friends whom he suffered to see me." 
—A Voyage to the Country of the Houyhnhnms, Chap. 3. 

11. "Let us, then, be what we are and speak what we think." — The Court- 
ship of Miles Standish : Longfellow. 

12. "No man is born into the world whose work is not born with him." — A 
Glance Behind the Curtain : Lowell. 

13. "And whenever Mr. Pestler came upon his healing inquisition, she re- 
ceived the Doctor with such a sarcastic and scornful demeanor as made the 
surgeon declare that not Lady Thistlewood herself, whom he had the honor of 
attending professionally, could give herself greater airs than old Mrs. Sedley, 
from whom he never took a fee." — Vanity Fair, Chap. 38. 

12. Bring in sentences illustrating each of the case relations of the relative 
pronouns, given in this lesson. 



XII. 

Interrogative Pronouns. 

1. An interrogative pronoun asks a question, either 
directly or indirectly ; as, 

"Who hath woe?"— Prov., 23 : 29. 

"One of the seamen, in Portuguese, bid me rise, and asked me who I 
was." — A Voyage to the Country of the Houyhnhnms, Chap. 11. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 67 

2. The interrogative pronouns are who, which, and what. 
The interrogative who is declined like the relative who. 

Case Relations of Interrogative Pronouns. 

3. Nominative subject of a finite verb. 

"Who touched my clothes ?" — St. Mark, 5 : 31. 

"What has made thee change thy plans?" — Ivanhoe, Chap. 21. 

4. Nominative in predicate with a finite verb. 

"Who was her father?"— The Bridge of Sighs : Thomas Hood. 
"What are they ?" — King I^ear, II., I. 

5. Possessive limiting a noun. 

"Whose is this image and superscription ?"— St. Mark, 12 : 16. 
"Whose damsel is this ?" — Ruth, 2 : 5. 

6. Object of a finite verb. 

"What shall I do with the treasure, Ksther ?" — Ben-Hur, Book IV., Chap. 4. 
"Whom does he shun ?" — Virgil's iEneid, Book IV. 

7. Object of an infinitive. 

"What did the benign lips seem to say?" — The Great Stone Face: Haw- 
thorne. 

"Whom have I now to trust?" — Virgil's ^Eneid, Book IV. 

8. Object of a preposition. 

"On whom is all the desire of Israel?" — I. Samuel, 9: 20. 
11 Of whom do the kings of the earth take custom or tribute?" — St. Mat- 
thew, 17 : 25. 

9. Give the ease relation of each of the following nouns 
and pronouns : 

1. "What is death ?"— The Baron's Last Banquet : A. G. Greene. 

2. "I know who built you." — Mountains : Morse. 

3. "Who loosed it?" — Our Mutual Friend, Chap. 6. 

4. "What would you have me to do?" — Pilgrim's Progress, Part 1. 

5. "For what art thou cast down, mad Priest ?" — Ivanhoe, Chap. 40. 

6. "Who can forgive sins but God only?" — St. Mark, 2:7. 

7. "What art thou ?"— King John, I., I. 

8. "She said unto her mother, What shall I ask ?" — St. Mark, 6 : 24. 

9. "Whose wife shall she be of the seven ?"— St. Matthew, 22 : 28. 

10. "In the name of St. Nicholas, whom hast thou got here?" — Ivanhoe, 
Chap. 32. 

11. "What think } T e of Christ ? Whose son is he ?" — St. Matthew, 22 : 42. 

12. "What went ye out into the wilderness for to see ?" — St. Matthew, 11 : 17. 
10. Bring in sentences illustrating each of the case relations of the inter- 
rogative pronouns, given in lesson XII. 



68 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

XIII. 

The Adjective. 

i. An adjective is a word used to modify the meaning 
of a noun or pronoun ; as, 

"After which there was a profound silence." — Nicholas Nickleby, Chap. 35. 
"Even we ourselves groan within ourselves."— Romans, 8 : 23. 

Classes of Adjectives. 

2. Adjectives are either descriptive or definitive. 

3. A descriptive adjective is one which expresses 
quality ; as, 

"Every door is barr'd with gold, and opens but to golden keys."— Locks- 
ley Hall : Tennyson. 

"Civilized man can not live without cooks." — Lucile, I., II., XIX. 

4. A definitive adjective is one which modifies with- 
out expressing quality ; as, 

"This worlds but the rugged road 

Which leads us to that bright abode 

Of peace above." — Coplas De Manrique : Longfellow. 
"THE£-«y will laugh when thou art gone."— Thanatopsis : Bryant. 

Classes of Descriptive Adjectives. 

5. Descriptive adjectives are either commo?i or proper. 

6. A common adjective is one which has a correspond- 
ing common noun ; as, 

free, freedom ; heroic, hero ; manly, man. 

7. Observe that a verbal adjective, or a participial adjec- 
tive, is a common adjective, derived from a participle, having 
a corresponding verbal noun of the same spelling ; as, 

rising, running, singing. 

8. A proper adjective is one which has a correspond- 
ing proper noun ; as, 

Napoleonic, Napoleon ; 
Mexican, Mexico ; 
Venetian, Venice. 

Classes of Definitive Adjectives. 

9. There are three classes of the definitive adjectives ; the 
article, the pronominal, and the numeral. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 69 

10. The articles are a, an, and the. 

11. A pronominal adjective is one which may, with- 
out the use of an article, represent an omitted noun ; as, 

"So they both went on." — Pilgrim's Progress, The Ninth Stage. 
"This is the Son of God."— Ben-Hur, Book III., Chap. 5. 

12. A numeral adjective is one which expresses num- 
ber ; as, 

"Well, then, there are two apiece for us." — The Pilot, Chap. 8. 
" 'I also, madam,' began the second calendar."— Arabian Nights, History 
of the Second Calendar. 

Classes of Articles. 

13. A or an is the indefinite article. 

14. The is the definite article. 

15. A or an may modify a noun in the singular number 
only ; the may modify a noun in either number. 

16. A is used before consonant sounds ; an is used before 
vowel sounds ; as, 

"He is a kind soul." — Nicholas Nickleby, Chap. 35. 

"These words were spoken by an angel of God." — The Angel : Hans Chris- 
tian Andersen's Fairy Tales. 

Classes of Pronominal Adjectives. 

17. There are three classes of pronominal adjectives, dis- 
tributive, demonstrative, and indefinite. 

18. A distributive adjective is one which points out an 
object singly ; as, 

each, every, either, neither. 

19. A demonstrative adjective is one which points out 
an object definitely ; as, 

this, these, that, those, former, latter. 

20. This and that are used before nouns in the singular ; 
these and those before nouns in the plural. 

21. An indefinite adjective is one which points out an 
object indefinitely ; as, 

some, one, any, all, such, none, other, another. 

Classes of Numeral Adjectives. 

22. There are three classes of numerals, cardinals, ordinals, 
and multiplicatives. 



70 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 



23. A cardinal adjective is one which denotes the num- 
ber of objects ; as, 

one, two, three, etc. 

24. An ordinal adjective is one which indicates the posi- 
tion of an object in a series ; as, 

first, second, third, etc. 

25. A multiplicative adjective is one which expresses 
how many fold ; as, 

single, double, threefold. 

26. Read lesson XIII. carefully, and learn the outline of 
classification given below. 





r 1. Descriptive. * 


1. ^UlilLLlOLL. 

2. Proper. 






actives 




' 1. Article. 


U: 


Definite. 
Indefinite. 


5ff 

< 


2. Definitive. 


2. Pronominal 


iii 


Distributive. 

Demonstrative. 

Indefinite. 






3. Numeral. 


I: 


Cardinal. 

Ordinal. 

Multiplicative. 



XIV. 

Comparison. 

1. Comparison is that property of adjectives and ad- 
verbs which expresses the different degrees of quality or in- 
tensity. 

2. There are three degrees of comparison, the positive, the 
comparative, and the superlative. 

3. The positive degree expresses the simple degree ; 
as, long, early, fast, plentiful, reasonable. 

4. The comparative degree expresses the next greater 
or the next less degree than the positive ; as, longer, earlier, 
faster, more plentiful, less reasonable. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 71 

5. Tne superlative degree expresses the greatest or 
the least degree ; as, longest, earliest, fastest, most plentiful, 
least reasonable. 

6. Words of one or two syllables usual^ form the com- 
parative degree by adding er to the positive, and the superla- 
tive degree by adding est to the positive. 

Some words of two syllables, and all of more than two, 
form their comparative by prefixing more or less to the posi- 
tive, and the superlative degree by prefixing most or least to 
the positive ; as, 

glad, gladder, gladdest ; 

pretty, prettier, prettiest ; 

peaceful, more peaceful, most peaceful ; 

amiable, less amiable, least amiable. 

7. Some adjectives are compared irregularly ; as, 
good, better, best ; 

much, more, most ; 
little, less, least. 

8. Write the comparison of each of the following adjec- 
tives : 

Lonesome, wide, jolly, under, dim, bad, ill, late, old, 
far, hind, low, further, junior, juicy, white, dry, gray, 
sly, near, nigh, like, shy, worthy, ready, funny, divine, up, 
fore, superior, tedious, little, many, much, upper, good- 
natured, ill-tempered, rear, supreme, round, dead, fruitful, 
perfect. 



XV. 

The Constructions of Adjectives. 

1. Limiting a noun. 

"A distant tramping sound, he hears." — Sunset on the Border : Scott. 
"The rocky ledge runs far into the sea." — The lighthouse : Longfellow. 

2. Limiting a pronoun. 

"And it came to pass, when I, even /, Daniel, had seen the vision." — Dan- 
iel, 8 : 15. 

"Against thee, against thee only have I sinned." — Psalms, 51 : 4. 

3. In apposition. 

"I'll read you a matter deep and dangerous."— Henry IV., Part 1, Act I., 
Scene III. 



72 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

" 'How many are 3 7 ou, then,' said I, 'If they two are in Heaven?' " — "We 
Are Seven : Wordsworth. 

4. In predicate with an intransitive finite verb. 

"Foremost among them was Alden."— Courtship of Miles Standish : 
Longfellow. 

"Philip gained as Enoch lost, for Enoch seemed to them as vxcertain as a 
dream."— Enoch Arden : Tennyson. 

5. In predicate with a transitive finite verb. 

"The people shouted themselves hoarse." — Ben-Hur, Book V., Chap. 14. 
"Who calls me ungentle, unfair, 

I longed so heartily then and there 

To give him the grasp of fellowship." — Maud : Tennyson. 

6. In predicate with an infinitive. 

"I pla\^ed with the girl when a child; she promised then to be fair." — 
Maud : Tennyson. 

"He struggled to be cheerful— ft? be strong."- Hyperion, Chap. 1. 

7. In predicate with a participle. 

"Ever more she seemed to gaze 

On that cottage growing nearer, 

Where they twain would spend their days." — The Lord of Burleigh : Ten- 
nyson. 

" And, foaming brown with double speed, 

Hurries its waters to the Tweed." — Marmion : Scott. 

8. Adverbial predicate. 

"How doth the citj^ sit solitary, that was full of people !" — Lamentations 
of Jeremiah, 1:1. 

"The wildest brutes came tame and tremulous." — Darkness — A Dream: 
Byron. 

9. Give the construction of the adjectives in the following 
sentences : 

1. "The murmuring pines and hemlocks stand like druids of eld."— Evan- 
geline : H. W. Longfellow. 

2. "I met a little cottage girl." — We Are Seven : Wordsworth. 

3. "The boy felt a deeper meaning thrill his ear." — Under the Old Elms: 
Lowell. 

4. "Through the deep gulf of the chimney wide 

Wallows the Yule-log's roaring tide." — The Vision of Sir Launfal, Part 
1 : Lowell. 

5. "Therefore also will I make thee sick."— Micah, 6 : 13. 

6. "And he shone bright and on the right 

Went down into the sea." — Ancient Mariner : Coleridge. 

7. "It blows cold."— The Story of the Year: Hans Christian Andersen's 
Fairy Eales. 

8. "The wild cherries fell ripe." — The Story of the Year : Hans Christian 
Andersen's Fairy Tales. 

9. "Good people all of ever\ T sort. 

Give ear unto my song." — The Elegy of the Mad Dog : Goldsmith. 

10. "I alone am to blame."— Courtship of Miles Standish : Longfellow. 

11. "I'm sitting alone by the fire. 

Dressed just as I came from the dance, 

In a robe even you would admire," — Her Letter : Bret Harte. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 73 

12. "The rays of the setting sun fell bright upon her dark glances." — The 
Pilot : Cooper. 

13. "The soul never grows old."— Hyperion, Book IV., Chap. 9. 

14. "The moon shines white and silent on the mist." — Midnight : Lowell. 

15. "He hath made my chain heavy. ''— Lamentations, 3 : 7. 

16. "Fullest hearts are slow to speak." — The Rose : Lowell. 

17. "To whom will ye liken me and make me equal ?" — Isaiah, 46 : 5. 

10, Bring in sentences illustrating the adjective in each of the constructions 
given in this lesson. 



XVI. 

The Verb. 

1. A verb is a word which expresses action or being. 

"Murray received a message from Wallace." — The Scottish Chiefs, Chap. 35. 
"The world looks pleasant to him."— Lessons in Life : Holland. 

Properties of the Verb. 

2. The properties of the verb are style, voice, mode, 
and tense. 

Style. 

3. Style is that property of the verb which shows its 
composition. 

4. The verb has four styles, simple, solemn, emphatic, and 
progressive. 

5. The simple style of the verb is that which is used in 
ordinal conversation. 

"No great man lives in vain." — The Hero as Divinity : Carlyle. 
" 'Tis only daylight that makes sin." — Comus : Milton. 

6. The solemn style of the verb is that which is often 
used in the Bible, in prayer, and in other sober discourse. 
This style is formed by adding t, st, or est to a verb whose 
subject is of the second person, singular number, or by add- 
ing th or eth to a verb whose subject is of the third, singular. 

"Thou a; 't in the midst of us and thou knowest all men." — Adam Bede, 
Chap. 2. 

"Day hath put on his jacket, and around his burning bosom buttoned it 
with stars." — Evening : O. W. Holmes. 



74 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

7. The emphatic style is that which is used to express 
energy. This st5^1e is formed of the auxiliary do, does, or 
did, and the simple verb. 

"What do you find worthy your own or your lady's finger?" — Zenobia, Let- 
ter I. 

"The souls did from their bodies^, 
They fled to bliss or woe !"— Ancient Mariner, Part III. : S. T. Coleridge. 

8. The progressive style of the verb is that which is 
used to express continued action or being. This style is 
formed of some part of the verb be and the present active par- 
ticiple. 

"The door of the house is open and an elderly woman is looking out." — 
Adam Bede, Chap. 4. 

"He turned to Badenoch, with whom he was still contending." — Scottish 
Chiefs, Chap. 55. 

9. Give the style of each of the following verbs : 

1. "Thou also hast had thy crown of thorns."— Vision of Sir Launfal : 
Lowell. 

2. "Why, grandma, how you're winking !" — Grandmother's Story: O. W. 
Holmes. 

3. "He seized her hand and hurried her into'the gallery." — Scottish Chiefs, 
Chap. 35. 

4. "There is none that doeth good, no not one." — Psalms, 14. 

5. "Did our confidence in your honor offend you?" — Scottish Chiefs, 
Chap. 49. 

6. "I only want a drink for my horse." — Adam Bede, Chap. 2. 

7. "Thou didst speak to her. Thou didst speak to her. Thou didst show 
her that her life lay open." — Adam Bede, Chap. 2. 

8. "Are you not throwing him into the very center of his enemies?" — 
vScottish Chiefs, Chap. 54. 

9. "I object not to that, nor to what thou sellest." — Zenobia, Letter I. 

10. "Have you heard of the wonderful one hoss shay 

That was built in such a logical way?"— The Deacon's Masterpiece: 
O. W. Holmes. 

11. "Gyp was scratching his master, with wrinkled brow and ears erect, 
puzzled at this unusual course of things." — Adam Bede, Chap. 4. 

12. "Why dost, thou cast me off?" — Psalms, 43 : 2. 

13. "They are doubtless still playing while I write." — Holland's Lessons in 
Life, Lesson III. 

14. "I looked eagerly around, first upon one, and then upon the other bank 
of the river." — Zenobia, Letter I. 

15. "There was no need to call Seth for he was already moving overhead 
and presently came down stairs." — Adam Bede, Chap. 4. 

16. " 'I did indeed give proof of it,' returned Bruce." — Scottish Chiefs, 
Chap. 57. 

10. Bring in sentences illustrating each style of the verb. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 75 

XVII. 

Voice. 

1. Voice is that property of the verb which shows wheth- 
er the subject acts or is acted upon. 

2. Verbs have tw-o voices, active and passive. 

3. An active verb is one that represents its subject as 
performing the act. 

"Blest that abode, where want and pain repair, 

And every stranger finds a ready chair." — The Traveler : Oliver Goldsmith. 
"The English governor hesitated to surrender, on the terms proposed." 
—The Scottish Chiefs, Chap. 88. 

4. A passive verb is one that represents its subject as 
receiving the act. 

"I was ushered into an apartment, not large, but of exquisite proportions — 
circular and of the most perfect architecture, on the Greek principles." — Ze- 
uobia, Letter I. 

"No man can be treated frankly in this world unless he himself be frank." 
—Reproduction in Kind : Holland. 

5. A passive verb is made of some form of the verb be and 
the past participle of a transitive verb. 

6. Some care should be taken to distinguish passive verbs 
from verbs and predicate adjectives. Merely the difference 
in meaning will often determine this matter, though it may 
be necessary to refer to the dictionary, to determine wmether 
the word following the auxiliary of the verb be is a past par- 
ticiple or a predicate adjective. 

"The day is done, (adjective) and the darkness 
Falls from the wings of Night, 
As a feather is wafted (verb) downward 

From an eagle in his flight." — The Day is Done : Longfellow. 
"It may be my lord is weary, that his brain is overwrought" (adjective). — 
Locksley Hall : Tennyson. 

7. A neuter verb is one whose subject neither acts nor 
is acted upon. 

"Things are not what they seem." —K Psalm of Life : Longfellow. 
"Old Rudiger sat— dead !"— The Baron's Last Banquet : A. G. Greene. 

8. Give the voice of each of the following verbs : 

1. "By six o'clock the task was done, the coffin nailed down and Adam and 
Seth were on their way home." — Adam Bede, Chap. 4. 

2. "Think not they are glazed with wine." — Locksley Hall : Tennyson. 

3. "Dust thou art, to dust returnest, 

Was not spoken of the soul."— A Psalm of Life : Longfellow. 



76 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

4. "To whom will ye liken me and make me equal?" — Isaiah, 46 : 5. 

5. "The moon shines white and silent on the mist." — Midnight : Iyowell. 

6. "The soul never grows old." — Hyperion, Book IV., Chap. 9. 

7. "The murmuring pines and hemlocks stand like druids of eld." — Kvan- 
geline : Longfellow. 

8. "The boy feels a deeper meaning thrill his ear." — Under the Old Kims : 
Lowell. 

9. "We are sufficiently proclaimed." — Ben-Hur, Book I., Chap. 12. 

10. "I'm sitting alone by the fire, 

Dressed just as I came from the dance, 

In a robe even you would admire." — Her Letter : Bret Harte. 

11. "A bystander dispelled the comfort." — Ben-Hur, Book I., Chap. 10. 

12. "No, mother, I shall leave you to your own conscience, now it is clear- 
ing up." — Adam Bede, Chap. 5. 

13. "The reader shall be spared a chapter on Jewish politics."— Ben-Hur, 
Book II., Chap. 1. 

14. "The wild cherries fell ripe." — The Story of the Year: Hans Christian 
Andersen. 

15. "What did you hear ?"— Ben-Hur, Book I., Chap. 11. 

16. "Come, shall I give you another chance ?" — Adam Bede, Chap. 5. 

17. "Thou are mated with a clown." — Locksley Hall : Tennyson. 

18. "Things are not what they seem."— A Psalm of Life : Longfellow. 

19. "As he looked it became a splendor." — Ben-Hur, Book I., Chap. 11. 

20. "But people who have pleasant homes get indoor enjoyment that they 
would never think of but for the rain." — Adam Bede, Chap. 5. 

21. "It blows cold." — The Story of the Year : Andersen. 

22. "The rays of the setting sun fell bright upon her dark glances." — The 
Pilot : Cooper. 

9. Bring in sentences illustrating active, passive, and neuter verbs; also, a 
few forms where care is needed to distinguish passive verbs from verbs with 
predicate adjectives. 

XVIII. 

Mode. 

1. Mode is that property of the verb which expresses the 
manner of the action. 

2. There are two classes of modes, finite and infinite. 

Finite Modes. 

3. A finite mode is one whose verb affirms action or be- 
ing of its subject. 

4. There are four finite modes, indicative, potential, sub- 
junctive, and imperative. 

5. The indicative mode affirms action or being as a 
fact. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 77 

"Words without thoughts never to Heaven go." — Hamlet, Act III., III. 
"My thought built higher mountains than I ever found." — Childhood and 
Youth : Holland. 

6. The potential mode asserts possibility, permission, 
power, necessit}^, determination, or duty of action or being. 
Its auxiliary signs are may, can, must, might, could, would, 
and should. 

"Can storied urn, or animated bust, 

Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath ?" — Gray's F)legy. 
"I could not help being rather short with him." — David Copperfield, 
Chap. 25. 

7. The imperative mode asserts the action or being as 
a command or an entreaty. 

"Tell me not in mournful numbers."— A Psalm of Life : Longfellow. 
"Give us this day our daily bread." — St. Matthew, 6 : 11. 

8. The subjunctive mode asserts the action or being 
as a mere condition or wish. 

"Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him."— Job, 13 : 15. 
"In my Father's house are many mansions : if it were not so, I would have 
told you."— St. John, 14: 2. 

9. Give the mode of each finite verb in the following sen- 
tences : 

1. "One morning the bottle found a purchaser in the furrier's apprentice, 
who was told to bring one of the best bottles of wine." — The Bottle Neck : An- 
dersen. 

2. "The chairman was quite sure the honorable Pickwickian would with- 
draw the expression he had just made use of." — Pickwick Papers, Chap. 1. 

3. "The sun through dazzling snow mist shone." — Snow Bound : Whittier. 

4. "A narrow cave ran in beneath the cliff, 

In this the children played at keeping house." — Enoch Arden : Tenny- 
son. 

5. "Such is the patriot's boast, where'er we roam, 

His first, best country, ever is at home." — The Traveler : Oliver Gold- 
smith. 

6. "Let us enjoy ourselves." — John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 4. 

7. "We can not know whom we would ; and those whom we know, we can 
not have at our side when we most need them." — Sesame and Lilies, Lecture I. 

8. "If you tried, and have not won, 

Never stop for crying ; 
All that's great and good is done 

Just by patient trying."— Phoebe Cary. 

9. "Keep a clean hearth and a clear fire for me, 

For I'll be back, my girl, before you know it." — Enoch Arden : Tenny- 
son. 

10. "W^e must bow to Grimm in matters etymological." — Hero as Divinity : 
Carlyle. 

11. "We tread through fields of speckled flowers, 

As if we did not know 
Our Father made them beautiful 
Because He loves us so."— Alice Cary. 



78 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

12. "Make yourself noble and you shall be." — Sesame and lilies, Lecture I. 

13. "I couldn't make him understand what I wanted, if I woke him now.' 
— Pickwick Papers, Chap. 1. 

14. "They think it indispensable that he should be upon the spot." — David 
Copperfield, Chap. 12. 

15. "If what is out of fashion most you prize, 

Methinks you should endeavor to be wise." — Young. 

10. Bring in sentences containing verbs in each of the finite modes. 



XIX. 

Infinite Modes. 

1. An infinite mode is one whose verb assumes action 
or being of its subject. 

2. There are two infinite modes, infinitive and participial. 

Infinitive Mode. 

3. An infinitive is a a verb which may have the con- 
struction of a noun, of an adjective, or of an adverb. 

Infinitives With the Construction of a Noun. 

4. Subject of a verb. 

"To die is not sport for a man." — The Hero as Diving : Carlyle. 
"For to me to live is Christ, to die is gain." — Phil., 1 : 21. 

5. In predicate with a verb. 

"To be honest, as this world goes, is to be one man picked out often thou- 
sands'—Hamlet, II., II. 

"To be strong is to be happy." — Longfellow. 

6. Object of a finite verb. 

"And oft I wish, amidst the scene, to find 
Some spot to real happiness consigned." — The Traveler : Goldsmith. 

"The younger tried desperately to save his boat, but it was too late." — 
John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 4. 

7. Object of an infinitive. 

"Seth felt it was useless to attempt to persuade or soothe her till this 
passion was past," — Adam Bede, Chap. 10. 

"One sickly as I was, stricken with hereditary disease, ought never to seek 
to perpetuate it by marriage." — John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 5. 

8. Object of a participle. 

"She declined refusing to punish any one for her convenience." — John 
Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 12. 

"It is some poor character only desiring to laugh and have the credit of 
wit, that does so."— The Hero as Divinity : Carlyle. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 79 

9. Object of a preposition. 

"Paul was about to open his mouth."— Acts, 18 : 14. 

"But what went ye out/or to see?"— St. Matthew, 11: 8. [For would be 
omitted nowadays.] 

10. Used independently. 

"To tell the truth, they had paid a visit to the duckyard, simply and 
solely to find food for themselves."— The Portuguese Duck : Andersen. 

"To say truth now, the Roman under the unprovoked storm had the 
young Jew's sympathy."— Ben-Hur, Book II., Chap. 6. 

11. In apposition. 

"It is easy to make one's self comfortable."— The Portuguese Duck : An- 
dersen. 

"To be, or not to be — that is the question." — Hamlet, III., I. 

12. Bring in sentences illustrating the eight constructions of the infinitive 
given in this lesson. 

XX. 

Infinitives With the Construction of an Adjective. 

"We had time to glance about us on that scene." — John Halifax, Gentle- 
man, Chap. 6. 

" 'Tis a coyisummation devoutly to be wish'd." — Hamlet, III., II. 

Infinitives With the Construction of an Adverb. 

1. Modifying a verb. 

"I went to bid good night to my father." — John Halifax, Gentleman, 
Chap. 5. 

"You came here to kill me." — Ben-Hur, Book V., Chap. 16. 

2. Modifying an adjective. 

"In thy valor I am ready to put my trust."— Zenobia, Letter III. 
"People would be slow to trust a clerk who looked like a mere boy." — 
John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 5. 

3. Modifying an adverb. 

"Now lies he there, and none so poor to do him reverence." — Julius 
Caesar, III., II. 

"Then the fowls arrived, and the cock was polite enough to-day to keep 
from being rude." — The Portuguese Duck : Andersen. 

4. Give the construction of the infinitives in the follow- 
ing sentences : 

1. "He is too busy to be out of the tan-yard before midnight." — John Hali- 
fax, Gentleman, Chap. 5. 

2. "Therefore, being accustomed to read my wrong or right in David's 
eyes, I remained perfects passive." — John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 5. 

3. "I'd be ashamed to come in the night to burn my master's house down." 
—John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 8. 

4. "Dinah, having taken oflfher bonnet and shawl, had hitherto keptquiet- 
ly seated in the background, not liking to thrust herself between Hetty and 
what was considered Hetty's proper work."— Adam Bede, Chap. 14. 



80 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

5. "Nay, I think merely to bask and ripen is sometimes 

The student's wiser business." — Under the Willows : Lowell. 

6. "Our present discourse is to be of the Great Man as Priest."— The Hero 
as Priest : Carlyle. 

7. "It seems not to be so in the case of others." — Zenobia, Letter IV. 

8. "How he had even determined to sail that day in the Mayflower." — 
Miles Standish : Longfellow. 

9. "They help to render men insensible to danger, suffering, and death." — 
Zenobia, Letter IV. 

10. "Seth came in and began to remove some of the scattered things and 
clear the small round deal table, that he might set out his mother's tea upon 
it." — Adam Bede, Chap. 10. 

11. "I seem to see the black procession go." — Agassiz : Lowell. 

12. "With what joy I begin to read a poem, which I confide in as an inspira- 
tion." — The Poet: Emerson. 

13. "How strange it seems, with so much gone 

Of life and love, to still live on." — Snow Bound : Whittier. 

14. "Then we shall see at a glance whom we are to condemn, and whom we 
are to admire." — Adam Bede, Chap. 17. 

15. "Life is a train of moods like a string of beads, and, as we pass through 
them, they prove to be many colored lenses which paint the world their own 
hue." — Experience : Enierson. 

16. "Of man's miraculous mistakes, this bears 

The palm, that all men are about to live, 

Forever on the brink of being born." — Procrastination : Young. 

5. Bring in infinitives illustrating the constructions of the adjective and 
he adverb given in this lesson. 



XXI. 

Participial Mode. 

1. A participle is a verb which may have the construc- 
tion of a noun or of an adjective, or may be used with an 
auxiliary to form a finite mode. 

Participles With the Construction of a Noun. 

2. Subject of a verb. 

"My declaring myself beaten, after this parley, was not an announce- 
ment without preparation," — The Holy Tree : Charles Dickens. 

"Their VEERING about, apparently without effort, and the shifting and 
furling of their sails resembling huge wings, filled them with astonishment." 
— Irving' s Life_and Voyages of Columbus, Book IV., Chap. 1. 

3. Object of a finite verb. 

"He could not help pausing to look at a curious, large beech which he had 
seen standing before him at a turning in the road." — Adam Bede, Chap. 27. 

"I can not forbear thinking that there is such an intercouse and com- 
merce with evil spirits, as that which we express by the name of witchcraft." 
— Sir Roger de Coverly, Chap. 6. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 81 

4. Object of a preposition. 

" 'Tis said he made some quaint rhymes, 

On planting the apple-tree." — The Planting of the Apple-tree : Bryant. 
"But instead of giving you a confused report, I shall separate one thing 
from another."— Zetiobia, Letter III. 

5. Adverbial objective. 

"I came near saying dear Egypt." — Ben-Hur, Book VII., Chap. 4. 

"For twelve years after then we lived at Longfield, in such unbroken, un- 
eventful peace, that looking back seems like looking back over a level sea." — 
John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 29. 

6. Used independently. 

"Master says, sir— begging my lady's pardon for repeating it— but he says, 
my lady went out against his will, and she may come home when and how she 
likes." — John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 23. 

"Saying these things— scarcely checking her steed — and before the rest of 
the party had quite come up — we darted en."— Zenobia, Letter VI. 

Participles With the Construction of an Adjective. 

7. Modifying a noun. 

"The state of the case having been formally explained to Mr. Snodgrass, 
and a case of satisfactory pistols, with the satisfactory accompaniments of pow- 
der, balls, and caps, having been hired from a manufacturer in Rochester, 
the two friends returned to their inn."— Pickwick Papers, Chap. 2. 

"The ring being formed, two or three ride toward the horses. "— Captur 
ing the Wild Horse : Irving. 

8. Modifying a pronoun. 

"And being turned, /saw seven golden candlesticks."— Rev., 1 : 12. 

"Giafar was advancing to the house when he met Ganem ; but being de- 
ceived by his appearance, he suffered him to pass without examination." — 
The History of Ganem : Arabian Nights. 

9. Adverbial predicate. 

"Honest Bait would sit smoking his evening pipe."— The legend of Sleepy 
Hollow : Irving. 

"Our ship lay tumbling in an angry sea." — On Board the '76 : Lowell. 

10. Bring in sentences illustrating participles with the constructions of the 
noun and the adjective, given in this lesson. 



XXII. 

Give the construction of each participle in the following 
sentences : 

1. "I had no opportunity of making any observation on the manners and 
customs of our neighbors." — John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 11. 

2. "Ah ! then and there was hurrying to and fro." — Battle of Waterloo : 
Byron. 

3. "How could he help feeling it." — Adam Bede, Chap. 27. 

4. " 'I was a slave,' said the counsel of Somerset, speaking for his client." 
—Emancipation Address : Emerson. 



82 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

5. "Occasionally a home-returning bee shot humming athwart the shade." 
— Ben-Hur, Book VII., Chap. 3. 

6. "Having passed away the greatest part of the morning in hearing the 
knight's reflections, which were partly private and partly political, he asked 
me if I would smoke a pipe with him over a dish of coffee at Squire's." — Sir 
Roger de Coverly : Addison. 

7. "Marshalled once more at freedom's call, 

They came to conquer or to fall." — Make Way for Liberty : Montgom- 
ery. 

8. "I have sat for hours at my window, inhaling the sweetness of the gar- 
den." — The Alhambra by Moonlight : Irving. 

9. "Upon talking with him afterward, he found that he could speak readily 
in three or four languages." — Sir Roger de Coverly, Chap. 9. 

10. "So saying, I told him all that 3'ou already so well know in as few words 
as I could." — Zenobia, Letter III. 

11. "I write to you from what is called the queen's Mountain Palace, being 
her summer residence." — Zenobia, Letter VI. 

12. "And there was mounting in hot haste." — Battle of Waterloo : Byron. 

13. "The law of the Lord is perfect, converting the soul." — Psalms, 19 : 7. 

14. " 'To be before the footlights,' continued the dismal man, 'is like sitting 
at a grand court show, and admiring the silken dresses of the gaudy throng.' " 
—Pickwick Papers : Dickens. 

15. "So, closing his heart, the judge rode on." — Maud Muller: Whittier. 

16. "The soft, dark calm in which she lived seemed never broken by the 
troubles of our troublous world." — John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 22. 

17. "So saying, he dismissed them." — Paradise Lost, X., 410. 

18. "And my confessing it harms no one." — John Halifax, Gentleman, 
Chap. 16. 

19. "I can not help remarking the resemblance betwixt him and our 
author." — Pope. 

20. "I sat wrapped in my cloak." — John Halifax* Gentleman, Chap. 4. 

21. "This is the only sort of speech worth speaking." — The Hero as 
Prophet : Carlyle. 

22. " 'The instinctive desire,' continued Longinus, 'I can not but regard as 
being implanted by the Being who created us.' "—Zenobia, Letter V. 

23. "The compan\% seated around the general board, evinced their dexterity 
in launching their forks at the fattest pieces in this mighty dish." — Knicker- 
bocker Life in New York : Irving. 



XXIII. 

Tense. 



1. Tense is that property of the verb which indicates the 
time of the action or being. 

2. The study of tense has mainly to do with the forms of 
the verb, the indication of time being of little value. Hence 
we assign the verb six tenses, though there can be but three, 
strictly speaking. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 83 

3. The tenses assigned are present, past, future, present 
perfect, past perfect, and future perfect. 

The Present Tense. 

4. The present tense is that form of the verb which 
usually indicates present action or being. 

Present Tense in the Respective Modes. 

5. Present indicative, simple style. 

"These are what I want''' — Zenobia, Letter I. 
"This is the ship of pearl which poets feign 
Sails the unshadowed main."— The Chambered Nautilus : Holmes. 

6. Present indicative, solemn style. 

"Thou goest forth, dread, fathomless, alone." — Apostrophe to the Ocean: 
Byron . 

"Also unto thee, O Lord, belongeth mercy: for thou renderest to every man 
according to his work." — Psalms, 62 : 12. 

7. Present indicative, emphatic style. 

"Still, 1 do not deny that the contemplative race is a useful one in its way." 
—Zenobia, Letter VII. 

"And do the seasons gain no grandeur or pathos from that analogy?" — 
Language : Emerson. 

8. Present indicative, progressive style. 

" 'He is gone,' she thought, c he is happy, he is singing 

Hosanna in the highest.' " — Enoch Arden : Tennyson. 
"I am going for a walk round the prison, and I wish you to attend me." — 
Pickwick Papers, Chap. 45. 

9. Present indicative, passive voice. 

"Here.are seen no traces of man's pomp, or pride." — God's First Temples : 
Bryant. 

"He woke, he rose, he spread his arms abroad, 
Crying with a loud voice 'A sail ! a sail ! 

I am saved /' and so fell back and spoke no more." — Enoch Arden : Ten- 
nyson. 

10. Present potential, simple style. The auxiliary 
signs are may, can, and must. 

"He may divest himself of it ; he may creep into a corner." — Beauty: Em- 
erson. 

"Those who are anxious to know the truth can hear it." — Zenobia, Letter I. 

11. Present potential, solemn style. 

"That thou mayest regard discretion, and that thy lips may keep knowl- 
edge. "— Prov., 5 : 2. 

"Thou canst make me clean." — Matthew, 8 : 22. 

12. Present potential, passive voice. 

"My answer must be made" — Julius Caesar, I., III. 

"Marvel not that I said unto thee, Ye must be born again." — St. John, 3 : 7. 



84 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

13. Present subjunctive, simple style. Be is used in 
the present subjunctive instead of am, is, or are, and the 
verb does not change its form on account of the person and 
number of its subject. 

"Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him."— Job, 13 : 15. 
"And if he come again, vext will he be 
To find the precious morning hours were lost." — Enoch Arden : Tenny- 
son. 

14. Present imperative. 

"Tell me not in mournful numbers." — A Psalm of Life : Longfellow. 
"Give us this day our daily bread." — St. Matthew, 6:11. 

15. Present infinitive, simple style. 

"It was pleasant to see them." — John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap, 19. 
"Know you what Csesar means to do with me ?"— Antony and Cleopatra, 
V., II. 

16. Present infinitive, passive voice. 

"It was a night beautiful to behold, but of an interest too painful almost 
to be endured.'" — Zenobia, Letter XIV. 

"How much is to be done f* — Midnight Musings : Young. 

17. Present active participle. 

"The statutes of the Lord are right, rejoicing the heart." — Psalms, 19 : 8. 
" 'Just step there with me,' said Roker, taking up his hat with great 
alacrity." — Pickwick Papers, Chap. 42. 

18. Present passive participle. 

"The gloomy outside being once passed, the house looked wonderfully 
bright and neat." — John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 20. 

"It being decided by the committee that the five pounds might be advanced, 
Mr. Weller produced that sum." — Pickwick Papers, Chap. 55. 

19. Bring in sentences illustrating the present tense in the different modes, 
styles, and voices. 

XXIV. 

The Past Tense. 

1. The past tense is that form of the verb which usually 
expresses past time. 

2. The past indicative, simple style. 

"I rose and prepared to leave the abbey." — Evening in Westminster Ab- 
bey : Irving. 

"Here the company laughed a good deal, and the old gentleman who sits 
opposite said: 'That's it ! that's it !' " — The Autocrat of the Breakfast-table, 
Chap. 1. 

3. The past indicative, solemn style. 

"But thou wert with the angels, Muriel — Muriel."— John Halifax, Gentle- 
man, Chap. 28. 

"Sacrifice and offering thou didst not desire." — Psalms, 40 : 6. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. • 85 

4. The past indicative, emphatic style. 

"Well, that is the best joke I ever did hear."— John Halifax, Gentleman. 
Chap. 19. 

"You all did see that on the Lupercal, 

I thrice presented him a kingly crown, 

Which he did thrice refuse." — Julius Csesar, III., II. 

5. The past indicative, progressive style. 

"Loosely against her masts was hanging and flapping her canvas." — The 
Courtship of Miles Staudish : Longfellow. 

"The buds of a new summer ivere swelling when he ripened." — The Auto- 
crat of the Breakfast-table : Holmes. 

6. The past indicative, passive voice. 

"The humble boon was soon obtained, 
The aged Minstrel audience gained." — The Lay of the Last Minstrel : 
Scott. 
"We were then shozun Kdward the Confessor's tomb."— Sir Roger de Cover- 
ly : Addison. 

7. The past potential, simple style. The auxiliary 
signs of the past potential are might, could, would, and 
should. 

"I should like to commit him, but can not, because he is a nuisance." — The 
Autocrat of the Breakfast-table, Chap. 1. 

"What readiest way would bring me to that place?" — Comus : John Milton. 

8. The past potential, solemn style. 

"Thou couldest have no power at all against me, except it were given 
thee from above." — John, 19 : 11. 

"O thievish Night, why shouldst thou, but for some felonious end, 
In thy dark lantern thus close up the stars?" — Comus : John Milton. 

9. The past potential, progressive style. 

"It is beyond all hope, against all chance, 
That he who left you ten long years ago 
Should still be living." — Knoch Arden : Tennyson. 
"We kept them far away on the other side of the house — out of the house 
when possible ; but still they would be coming back." — John Halifax, Gentle- 
man, Chap. 25. 

10. The past potential, passive voice. 

"Why should not the same power be turned to account in a cloth-mill?" — 
John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 20. 

"It might be worked by steam."— John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 20. 

11. The past subjunctive, simple style. The past 
subjunctive expresses present time, and the verb takes the 
form required by a subject of the plural number. 

"I always feel as if I were a cobbler, putting new top-leathers to an old 
pair of boot-soles and bodies."— The Autocrat of the Breakfast-table, Chap. 1. 
"He thought, even yet, the sooth to speak, 

That if she loved the harp to hear, 

He could make music to her ear."— The Lay of the Last Minstrel : Scott. 



86 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

12. The past subjunctive, progressive style. 

"I am just as much thy tyrant as if I were living here still." — John Halifax, 
Gentleman, Chap. 20. 

13. The past subjunctive, passive voice. 

"Thou couldest have no power at all against me, except it were given thee 
from above."— John, 19: n. 

14. The past active participle is the third principal 
part of the verb. The past active participle is sometimes 
used in predicate, though rarely participially, generally 
being used with an auxiliary to form a finite verb. 

"All the summer days at Enderly were gone.'" — John Halifax, Gentleman, 
Chap. 16. 

"The melancholy days are come, the saddest of the year." — The Death of 
the Flowers: Bryant. 

15. The past passive participle. 

" Marshalled once more at Freedom's call, 

They came to conquer or to fall."— Make Way for Liberty : Montgomery. 
"I sat wrapped va my cloak." — John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 4. 
16. Bring in sentences illustrating each form of the past tense given in 
this lesson. 

XXV. 

Future Tense. 

1. The future tense is that form of the verb which ex- 
presses futurity of action or being. This tense is found only 
in the indicative mode, and its auxiliary signs are shall and 
will. 

2. The future, simple style. 

"I will tell you my rule." — The Autocrat of the Breakfast-table, Chap. 6. 
"The righteous shall flourish like the palm tree." — Psalms, 92 : 12. 

3. The future, solemn style. 

"Thou shall heap coals of fire upon his head, and the Lord shall reward 
thee." — Prov., 25 : 22. 

"If thou wilt make an altar of stone, thou shall not build of hewn stone."— 
B)x., 20 : 25. 

4- The future, progressive style. 

"Blessed are they that dwell in thy house : they will be still praising thee." 
— Psalms, 84 : 4. 

"Two women shall be grinding at the mill ; the one shall be taken, and the 
other left." — Matthew, 24: 41. 

5. The future, passive voice. 

"He that putteth his trust in the Lord shall be ?nade fat."— Prov., 28 : 25. 
"Then shall two be in the field ; the one shall be taken, and the other left." 
— St. Matthew, 24 : 40. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 87 

Present Perfect Tense. 

6. The present perfect tense is that form of the verb 
which expresses action or being usually completed in pres- 
ent time. 

7. The present perfect indicative, simple style. 

"He has made himself poor in order to pay his own and his father's debts." 
—John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 37. 

"They have left unstained what there they found,— 
Freedom to worship God." — Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers: Mrs. 
Hemans. 

8. The present perfect indicative, solemn style. 

"Thou also hast had thy crown of thorns, — 
Thou also hast had the world's buffets and scorns." — Vision of Sir Laun- 
fal : Lowell. 
"Lord, thou hast been our dwelling place in all generations." — Psalms, 
90 : 1. 

9. The present perfect indicative, progressive 
style. 

"Lady Oldtower has been wanting them both for sometime."— John Hali- 
fax, Gentleman, Chap. 34. 

"Edwin has been teaching you? Very well."— John Halifax, Gentleman, 
Chap. 34. 

10. The present perfect indicative, passive voice. 

"He has been too much occupied in business matters to write home fre- 
quently." — John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 35. 

"The notions which have been formed of me are various." — Sir Roger de 
Coverly, Chap. 10. 

11. The present perfect potential, simple style. 

The auxiliary signs of the present perfect potential are may 
have, can have, and must have. 

" 'No !' he muttered, 'she can not have sinned.' " — Lucile, VI., 18. 
"At the foot of these fairy mountains, the voyager may have descried the 
light smoke curling up from the village." — Rip Van Winkle : Irving. 

12. The perfect infinitive, active voice. The auxiliary 
sign of the perfect infinitive is to have. 

"I hold it true, whate'er befall ; 

I feel it, when I sorrow most, 

'Tis better to have loved and lost 

Than never to have loved at all."— In Memoriam, XXVII. 
"Ought not Christ to have suffered these things ?" — Luke, 24 : 26. 

13. The perfect infinitive, passive voice. 

"He seemed to have been born in them." — Beaten Paths, Chap. 6. 
"The sick earl was to have been carried to Dunbarton and detained in soli- 
tary confinement." — Scottish Chiefs, Chap. 9. 

14. The perfect active participle, active voice. The 

auxiliary sign of the perfect active participle is having. 



88 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

"Dinah having taken off her bonnet and shawl, had hitherto kept quietly 
seated in the background."— Adam Bede, Chap. 14. 

"Having passed away the greatest part of the morning in hearing the 
knight's reflections, which were partly private and partly political, he asked 
me if I would smoke a pipe with him over a dish of coffee at Squire's." — Sir 
Roger de Coverly : Addison. 

15. The perfect passive participle. The auxiliary 
sign of the perfect passive participle is having been. 

"Liberty having been granted me, my last request was for permission to 
see Milendo, the metropolis." — A Voyage to Lilliput : Swift. 

"Ajar of honey having been upset in a housekeeper's room, a number of 
flies were attracted by its sweetness." — The Flies and the Honey Pot: ^Esop. 

16. Bring in sentences illustrating each form of the future and the present 
perfect tense given in this lesson. 



XXVI. 

The Past Perfect Tense. 

1. The past perfect tense is that form of the verb 
which expresses action or being usually completed at or be- 
fore some past time. 

2. Had is the auxiliary sign of the past perfect indicative ; 
might have, could have, would have, and should have are the 
auxiliary signs of the past perfect potential. 

3. The past perfect indicative, simple style. 

"They had gone into the wars."— The Valley of Unrest: E. A. Poe. 
"For all averred I had killed the bird 
That made the breeze to blow." — Ancient Mariner : S. T. Coleridge. 

4. The past perfect indicative, progressive style. 

"They had been moving from fair to fair about the kingdom, and were 
the next morning to set out on tneir way to London." — Tales of a Travel- 
er : Irving. 

5. The past perfect indicative, passive voice. 

"The prisoners who had been taken with Montgomery were lodged be- 
hind the town." — Scottish Chiefs, Chap. 34. 

"I had been sent to this place at so tender an age as soon to lose all 
distinct recollection of the scenes." — The Young Traveler : Irving. 

6. The past perfect potential, simple style. 

"Could Wallace have wept, it 7vould have been then." — Scottish Chiefs, 
Chap. 6. 

"Peter might have known, and very likely did, the inside of a pawn- 
broker's."— Christmas Stories : Dickens. 

7. The past perfect potential, passive voice. 

"He and his mamma knew very few people, and lived what might have 
been thought very lonely lives." — Little Lord Fauntleroy, Chap. 1. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 89 

The Future Perfect Tense. 

8. The future perfect tense expresses action or being 
that will be completed at or before some future time. The 
signs of this .tense are shall have and will have, and it is 
found only in the indicative mode. 

"And when both we and our children shall have been consigned to the house 
appointed for all living, may love of country and pride of country glow with 
equal fervor among those to whom our names and our blood shall have de- 
scended."- The Bunker Hill Monument Orations : Daniel Webster. 

"Ye shall not have gone over the cities of Israel, till the Son of Man be 
come." — Matthew, 10 : 23. 



XXVII. 

i. Give the style, voice, mode, and tense of each verb in 
the following sentences : 

1. "The moping owl does to the moon complain." — Elegy in a Country 
Churchyard : Gray. 

2. "It would have been flat heresy to do so." — Christmas Stories : Dickens. 

3. "It must have been occasioned by some extraordinary accident." — 
Arabian Nights. 

4. "Hard by the farm house was a vast barn that might have served for a 
church." — Legend of Sleepy Hollow : Irving. 

5. "I had hoped to have procured you some oysters from Britain." — Last 
Days of Pompeii, Chap. 3. 

6. "There is a pleasure in the pathless woods." — Apostrophe to the Ocean : 
Lord Byron. 

7. "If left to himself, he would have whistled life away, in perfect con- 
tentment."— Rip Van Winkle : Irving. 

8. "Wallace would have blushed to have shown himself to the free born 
deer of his native hills."— Scottish Chiefs, Chap. 1. 

9. "Let man but hope, and thou art straightway chilled 

With thought of that drear silence and deep night 

Which, like a dream, shall swallow thee and thine." — Prometheus : 
Lowell. 

10. "Human foot had not been planted." — Curfew Must Not Ring To-night. 

11. "Tell me the plain truth."— John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 16. 

12. "She is leaving Norton Bury."— John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 18. 

13. "He now suspected that the grave roysters of the mountains had put a 
trick upon him and, having dosed him with liquor, had robbed him Of his 
gun."— Rip Van Winkle : Irving. 

14. "I thought that I had died in sleep, and was a blessed ghost." — The An- 
cient Mariner : S. T. Coleridge. 

15. "I had stood on that bridge at midnight, 

And gazed on that wave and sky."— The Bridge : Longfellow. 

16. "Ah, well ! for us all some sweet hope lies 

Deeply buried from human eyes." — Maud Muller : Whittier. 

17. "Oh, lad, if I could only die."— John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 18. 



go MANUAL OF GXAMMAX. 

18. "We might be still as happy as God grants to any of his creatures."— 
Enoch Arden : Tennyson. 

19. "Thou shalt not be afraid of the terror by night."— Psalms, 91 : 5. 

20. "But this beauty of Nature which is seen and felt as beauty, is the least 
part." — Beauty: Emerson. 

21. "Thou shalt not steal."— Exodus, 20 : 15. 

22. "So my cousin is your wife, I think you were saying." — John Halifax, 
Chap. 19. 

23. "The last beams of day w 7 ere now faintly streaming through the painted 
windows in the high vaults above me." — Evening in Westminster Abbey : 
Irving. 

24. "It was not difficult, for that sort of game was played all over England." 
—John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 24. 

25. "The souls did from their bodies fly,— 

They fled to bliss or woe !" — Ancient Mariner : Coleridge. 

26. "Thou that didst uphold me on my lonely isle, 

Uphold me, Father, in my loneliness a little longer." — Enoch Arden : 
Tennyson. 

27. "But people who go voluntarily to law, or are taken forcibly there for 
the first time, may be allowed to labor under some temporary irritation, and 
anxiety." — Pickwick Papers, Chap. 33. 

28. "But if a blow were given for such a cause, and death ensued, the jury 
would be judges both of the facts and of the pun." — The Autocrat of the Break- 
fast-table, Chap. 1. 

29. "Say not, I will do so to him as he hath done to me." — Proverbs, 24 : 29. 

30. "Few, few shall part where many meet !" — Hohenlinden : Thomas 
Campbell. 

31. "Now he is gone." — The Elf of the Rose : Andersen. 

32. "I object not to that, nor to what thou sellest."— Zenobia, L,etter I. 

33. "Yea, I sought him, but he could not be found." — Psalms, 37 : 36. 

34. "I wish I could try— it were only practicable."— John Halifax, Gentle- 
man, Chap. 20. 

35. "The one shall be taken, and the other left." — Matthew, 24: 41. 

36. "It is a village of great antiquity, having been founded by some of the 
Dutch colonists, in the early times of the province." — Rip Van Winkle : Irving. 

37. "That which hath been is now; and that which is to be hath already 
been."— Ecclesiastes, 3 : 15. 

38. "He seem'd, as in a nightmare of the night, 

To see his children, leading evermore 

Low miserable lives of hand to mouth." — Enoch Arden : Tennyson. 

39. "If thou canst do anything, have compassion on us, and help us." — St. 
Mark, 9 : 22. 

40. "And I must be from thence !" — Macbeth, IV., III. 

41. "Flowers and vegetables living in comfortable equality and fraternity, 
none being too choice to be harmed by his neighbors." — John Halifax, Gentle- 
man, Chap. 21. 

42. "Hastening to his father's court, he paid his best respects." — Pickwick 
Papers, Chap. 36. 

43. "At length, these weighty matters being arranged, a day was fixed for 
transferring the stock."— Pickwick Papers, Chap. 55. 

44. "If the Lord be God, follow him.'' — I. Kings, 18 : 21. 

2. Bring in sentences illustrating the forms of the past perfect and the fu- 
ture perfect tense given in this lesson. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 91 

XXVIII. 

Kinds of Verbs, as to Use. 

1. As to use, verbs are transitive and intransitive. 

2. A transitive verb is one that requires an object. 

3. Observe that the term object is not necessarily the grammatical object. 
Passive verbs are transitive ; yet there are few passive verbs that take gram- 
matical objects. The object of the active verb usually becomes the subject of 
the passive verb ; this subject, however, remains the object or receiver of the 
action. 

"Time, the tomb-builder, holds his fierce career." — The Closing Year : 
Geo. D. Prentice. 

"No man can be treated frankly in this world unless he himself be 
frank." — Reproduction in Kind : Holland. 

4. An intransitive verb is one which does not require 
an object to complete the sense. 

"He seems a clergyman." — Main Street : Hawthorne. 

"On Horeb's rock the prophet stood."— Elijah's Interview : Campbell. 

Kinds of Verbs, as to Form. 

5. As to form, verbs are regular, irregular, defective, 
and redundant. 

6. A regular verb is one whose past indicative and past 
participle are formed by adding ed to the present tense ; as, 
live, lived, lived ; talk, talked, talked ; call, called, called. 

7. An irregular verb is one whose past indicative and 
past participle are not formed by adding ed to the present 
tense ; as, see, saw, seen ; write, wrote, written ; teach, 
tanght, tanght. 

8. A defective verb is one which lacks some of its prin- 
cipal parts. Defective verbs have no participles. 

List of defective verbs : 

Present. Past. Present. Past. 

Beware, . Can, could. 

May, might. Must, . 

Ought, ought. , quoth. 

Shall, should Will, would. 



92 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

9. A redundant verb is one which has more than one 
form in the past tense or past participle ; as, 



Present. 


Past. 


Past Participle. 


sing, 


sang, 
sung, 


sung. 


plead, 


pleaded, 


pleaded. 




pled, 


pled. 


dream, 


dreamed, 


dreamed. 




dreamt, 


dreamt. 


10. Write 


a list of ten verbs, 


marked in the diction; 


msitive ori 


,ly. 




n. Write 


a list often verbs, 


marked as intransitive 



only. 

12. Write a list often verbs, marked as either transitive or 
intransitive. 

13. Write a list of ten regular verbs, and give the princi- 
pal parts of each. Use the dictionary. 

14. Write a list often irregular verbs, and give the princi- 
pal parts of each. Use the dictionary. 

15. Write a list often redundant verbs, give the principal 
parts of each, and notice carefully the forms that are pre- 
ferred in the dictionary. 

16. Note.— The student is referred to the dictionary, as he should always 
go to it to get an accurate knowledge of words. Use a standard dictionary and 
one that has lately been revised. 

Observation. — It is a very great mistake to suppose that all words in the 
dictionary are good. Words must be reputable, national, and present. If not 
reputable, words are marked low or vulgar ; if not national, they are marked 
provincial or colloquial ; if not present, they are marked rare, obsolescent, or 
obsolete. "The dictionary is a home for living words, a hospital for the dying, 
and a cemetery for the dead." 



XXIX. 

The Adverb. 

1. An adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of 
a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. 

"The Judge rode slowly down the lane."— Maud Muller : Whittier. 

"They were too earnest to be rhetoricians." — Ideas the Life of People: 
Geo. W. Curtis. 

"The wind-flower and the violet, they perished long ago."— The Death of 
the Flowers : Bryant. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 93 

Classes of Adverbs, as to Meaning. 

2. As to meaning, there are adverbs of manner, place, 
time, degree, and cause. 

3. Adverbs of manner. — So, thus, well, badly, easily, 
no, yes, how, certainly, truly, indeed, perhaps, possibly, etc. 

4. Adverbs of place. — Here, there, where, above, up, 
etc. 

5. Adverbs of time. — When, now, to-day, then, ago, 
thrice, etc. 

6. Adverbs of degree. — Much, enough, nearly, too, 
quite, etc. 

7. Adverbs of cause. — Why, wherefore, therefore, 
hence, etc. 

The Conjunctive Adverb. 

8. A conjunctive adverb is one which connects clauses. 

"Go where glory waits thee." — Moore's Irish Melodies. 
" When thou hearest, forgive."— I. Kings, 8 : 30. 
"Whither thou goest, I will go."— Ruth, 1 : 16. 

Constructions of the Adverb. 

9. Modifying a finite verb. 

The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea." — Gray's Elegy. 
"We ivere immediately conducted into the little room on the right hand." 
— Sir Roger de Coverly : Addison. 

10. Modifying a participle. 

"Its yellow rays partly illumined the spacious kitchen, dying duskily 
away into remote corners." — The Inn Kitchen : Irving. 

"Strictly speaking, the last question was irrelevant." — The Chimes : 
Charles Dickens. 

11. Modifying an adjective. 

"His giantship is gone, somewhat crest/a lien. "—Milton. 
"He really looks quite concerned." — Landor. 

12. Modifying an adverb. 

"He goes too far."— Hyperion, Book II., Chap. 8. 

"Why do you crv and weep so bitterly f — Christian Merchant, Arabian 
Nights. 

13. Modifying a prepositional phrase. 

"That I am he, let me a little show it, even in this." — Julius Caesar, 
III., II. 

"His inattention to the little forms of society, and an awkward and em- 
barrassed manner on first acquaintance were much against him" — Mountjoy : 
Irving. 



94 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

14. Modifying a clause. 

"His enemies were pleased, for he had acted exactly as their interests re- 
quired" —Bancroft. 

"Just as I am, Thou wilt receive."— Charlotte Elliott. 

15. Point out the adverbs in the following sentences, and 
tell what each modifies : 

1. "Far below him the Tappan Zee spread its dusky and indistinct waste 
of waters, with here and there the tall masts of a sloop riding quietly at anchor 
under the land."— The Legend of Sleepy Hollow : Irving. 

2. "I was very much delighted with the reflection of my old friend, which 
carried so much goodness in it."— Sir Roger de Coverly : Addison. 

3. "He was a little too apt to catch the impulse and be hurried away with 
us." — Mountjoy : Irving. 

4. "So the multitude comes, even those we behold, 

To repeat every tale that has often been told."— Oh ! Why Should the 
Spirit of Mortal be Proud ? Knox. 

5. "We steadfastly gazed on the face of the dead, 

And we bitterty thought of the morrow." — The Burial of Sir John 
Moore : Wolfe. 

6. "So, closing his heart, the Judge rode on."— Maud Muller : Whittier. 

7. "He stood nearly six feet and as many inches in his shoes." — The Pilot : 
Cooper. 

8. "Be not afraid "—St. Matthew, 14 : 27. 

9. "O give me back my childhood days." — The Two Roads : Richter. 

10. "Jesus sayeth unto her, Woman, why weepest thou ? whom seekest 
thou? She, supposing him to be the gardener, sayeth unto him, Sir, if thou 
have borne him hence, tell me where thou hast borne him, and I will take 
him away."— St. John, 20: 15. 

11. "And truly they seem to me always, 

More like the beautiful rivers that watered the garden of Edeu." — 
Courtship of Miles Standish : Longfellow. 

12. "The god Pan guided my hand just to the heart of the beast."— Sir P. 
Sidney. 

13. "Prize not j^our life for other ends 

Than merely to oblige your friends."— Swift. 

14. "And to be loved himself, needs only to be known." — Dryden. 

15. "Thou shalt surely die."— Ezekiel, 33 : 18. 

16. "Nothing in my hand I bring, 

Simply to Thy cross I cling." — Rock of Ages : Augustus M. Topladj^. 

17. "Perhaps, in this neglected spot is laid some heart."— Gray's Elegy. 

16. Bring in sentences illustrating the constructions of the adverb given in 
this lesson. 

XXX. 

The Preposition. 
1. A preposition is a word which connects its object, in 
an adjective or adverbial sense, with some other word. 

"His words were shed softer than leaves from the pine."— Vision of Sir 
Launfal : Lowell. 

"An aged man was standing at a window."— The Two Roads : Richter. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 95 

The Phrase. 

2. A phrase is a group of related words having the con- 
struction of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb, but not ex- 
pressing a thought. 

"Paul was about to open his mouth."— Acts, 18 : 14. 

"My declaring myself beaten was not an announcement without 
preparation." — The Holy Tree : Charles Dickens. 

"I am weary of the bewildering masquerade." — The Spanish Student : 
Longfellow. 

3. There are three classes of phrases, prepositional, infini- 
tive, and participial. 

4. A prepositional phrase is one which is introduced 
by a preposition. 

5. An infinitive phrase is one which is introduced by 
an infinitive. 

6. A participial phrase is one which is introduced by a 
participle. 

7. Observe that infinitive and participial phrases are treated under the in- 
finite modes — Lessons XIX.-XXII. 

8. Prepositional phrases may be either adjective or adverb- 
ial. 

9. An adjective phrase is one which has the construc- 
tion of an adjective. 

10. An adverbial phrase is one which has the construc- 
tion of an adverb. 

Constructions of the Prepositional Phrase. 

11. Modifying a noun. 

"The buds of a new summer were swelling when he ripened." — The Au- 
tocrat of the Breakfast-table : Holmes. 

"The door of the house is open and an elderly woman is looking out." — 
Adam Bede, Chap. 4. 

12. Modifying an adjective. 

"What do you find ivorthy of your own or your lady's finger?" — Ze- 
nobia, fetter I. 

"And when Jesus was come into Peter's house, he saw his wife's mother 
laid, and sick of a fever."— St. Matthew, 8 : 14. 

13. Modifying a finite verb. 

"He may creep into a corner." — Beauty : Emerson. 

"Marvel not that I said unto thee, Ye must be born again."— St. 
John, 3:7. 



96 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

i4- Modifying an infinitive. 

"We had time to glance about us." — John Halifax, Gentleman, Chap. 6. 
"I'd be ashamed to come in the night." — John Halifax, Gentleman, 
Chap. .8. 

15. Modifying a participle. 

" 'I was a slave,' said the counsel of Somerset, speaking for his client." 
— Emancipation Address : Emerson. 

"A jar of honey having been upset in a housekeeper's room, a number of 
flies were attracted by its sweetness." — The Flies and the Honey Pot : iEsop. 

16. Give the modification of each prepositional phrase in 
the following sentences : 

1. "No man is born into the world whose work is not born with him."— A 
Glance Behind the Curtain : Lowell. 

2. "Having passed away the greatest part of the morning in hearing the 
knight's reflections, which were partly private and partW political, he asked 
me if I would smoke a pipe with him over a dish of coffee at Squire's." — Sir 
Roger de Coverly : Addison. 

3. "The sick earl was to have been carried to Dunbarton." — Scottish Chiefs, 
Chap. 9. 

4 "The rays of the setting sun fell bright upon her dark glances." — The 
Pilot : Cooper. 

5. "Vast meadows stretched to the eastward, 

Giving the village its name, and pastures to flocks without number." — 
Evangeline : Longfellow. 

6. "I am going for a walk around the prison." — Pickwick Papers, Chap. 45. 

7. "If thou wilt make an altar of stone, thou shall not build of hewn stone." 
— Ex., 20 : 25. 

8. "At the foot of these fairy mountains, the voyager may have descried 
the light smoke curling up from the village." — Rip Van Winkle : Irving. 

9. "Thou shalt heap coals of fire upon his head." — Proverbs, 25 : 22. 

10. "I could not help being rather short with him."— David Copperfield, 
Chap. 25. 

11. "We build the ladder by which we rise 

From the lowly earth to the vaulted skies, 

And we mount to its summit round by round." — Gradatirn : Holland. 

12. "I follow the example of my general, who would willingly be the friend 
of all mankind."— Scottish Chiefs, Chap. 34. 

17. Bring in sentences illustrating each construction of the prepositional 
phrase given in this lesson. 

XXXI. 

The Conjunction. 
1. A conjunction is a word which connects words, 
phrases, and clauses. 

2. Observation. — That has a peculiar introductory value, and it is better 
to consider as an introductory conjunction than to form bungling expressions 
by supplying ellipses. 

"I know that my Redeemer liveth." — Job, 19 : 25. 

"Nor could I regard him as a safe counsellor in the affairs of this govern- 
ment." — Liberty and Union : Daniel Webster. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 97 

Classes of Conjunctions. 

3. There are two classes of conjunctions, co-ordinate and 
subordinate. 

4. A co-ordinate conjunction is one which connects 
words, phrases, independent clauses, or dependent clauses of 
the same construction. 

5. A subordinate conjunction is one which serves as 
a connective between a dependent clause and an independent 
clause. 

6. List of the principal co-ordinate conjunctions, 
and, but, nevertheless, neither, 
also, else, notwithstanding, or, 

as well as, either, nor, still. 
yet, 

7. List of the principal subordinate conjunctions, 
as, for, provided, than, 
although, if, since, unless, 
because, inasmuch as, though, whether, 
except, lest, that, whereas. 

8. Correlative conjunctions are those which are used 
in pairs ; as, 

both and, either or, neither nor, 

whether or, if then, though. 

Constructions of the Conjunction. 

9. Connecting nouns. 

"The M«i/?o^r and the violet, they perished long ago." — The Death of 
the Flowers : Bryant. 

"If man's convenience, health or safety interfere, his rights and claims are 
perman ent. "— Cowper. 

10. Connecting nouns and pronouns. 

"We are two travelers, Roger and 7." — The Vagabonds : J. T. Trowbridge. 

11. Connecting adjectives. 

This W(?zy AND^or^wi g-arment, majesty, sits not so easy on me as you 
think."— Henry IV., Part 2, V., 2. 

12. Connecting finite verbs. 

"He himself entered into the svnagogue, and reasoned with the Jews." — 
The Acts, 18: 19. 

"Sink or swim, live or die, survive on perish, I give my hand and heart to 
this vote."— Supposed Speech of John Adams : Daniel Webster. 



98 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

13. Connecting infinitives. 

" To be, or not to be— that is the question."— Hamlet, III., I. 

14. Connecting participles. 

"No man lives without Jostli?ig or being jostled." — Carlyle. 

15. Connecting adverbs. 

"Ah ! then and there was hurrying to and fro." — Battle of Waterloo : 
Byron . 

"Slowly and sadly they laid him down." — The Burial of Sir John Moore : 
Charles Wolfe. 

16. Connecting phrases. 

"Thus dwelt together in love these simple Acadian farmers, — 
Dwelt in the love of God and of man."— Evangeline : Longfellow. 

17. Connecting independent clauses. 

"/ am going- for a walk round the prison, and / wish you to attend me." — 
Pickwick Papers, Chap. 45. 

" We carved not a line, and we raised not a stone, 
But we left hi?n alone in his glory." — Burial of Sir John Moore : Wolfe. 

18. Connecting dependent clauses with independent 
clauses. 

"Thou couldest have no power at all against me, except it were given thee 
from above" — John, 19 : 11. 

"Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him."— Job, 13 : 15. 

19. Give the construction of each conjunction in the fol- 
lowing sentences : 

1. "1 should like to commit him, but can not, because he is a nuisance." — 
The Autocrat of the Breakfast-table, Chap. 1. 

2. "My thoughts built higher mountains than I ever found." — Childhood 
and Youth : Holland. 

3. "I object not to that, nor to what thou sellest." — Zenobia, Letter I. 

4. "Can storied urn, or animated bust, 

Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath ?" — Gray's Elegy. 

5. "I could not make him understand what I wanted, if I woke him now." 
— Pickwick Papers, Chap. 1. 

6. "I'll read you a matter deep and dangerous."— Henry IV., Part I., I., 3. 

7. "I was a child, and she was a child." — Annabel L,ee : Poe. 

8. "The happy camels reach the spring, 

But Sir Launfal sees only the grewsome thing."— Vision of Sir Laun- 
fal : I^owell. 

9. "They became more and more remote and tender." — Christmas Eve: 
Irving. 

10. "Love not sleep, lest thou come to poverty." — Prov., 20 : 13. 

20. Bring in sentences illustrating the conjunction in each construction 
given in this lesson. 

The Interjection. 

21. An interjection is a word which expresses emotion 
or feeling. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 99 

22. List of the principal interjections. 



ah, 


fudge, 


huzzah, 


0, 


alas, 


fie, 


hist, 


oh, 


adieu, 


ha, 


humph, 


poh, 


alack, 


ho, 


hush, 


pooh, 


avaunt, 


halloo, 


heigho, 


pshaw. 


aha, 


hello, 


heydey, 


tush. 


bravo, 


hurrah, 


hail, 





XXXII. 

The Sentence. 

1. A sentence is the expression of a thought in words. 

"On Horeb's rock the prophet stood." — Elijah's Interview : Campbell. 
"Behold an emblem of thy life." — The Two Roads : Jean Paul Richter. 

Terms. 

2. The subject of a sentence is the part of which 
something is thought. 

"The troops of King Edward lay overpowered with wine." — Scottish Chiefs, 
Chap. 54. 

"Did not my dear father take advantage of this sanctuary?" — Scottish 
Chiefs, Chap. 10. 

3. The predicate of a sentence is the part which tells 
what is thought. 

"What did you hear ?" — Ben-Hur, Book II., Chap. 1. 

"How I loved that gracious boy /" — Rienzi's Address to the Romans : Mitford. 

4. The object is the part of the predicate which receives 
the act. 

"Who can forgive sins f" — St. Mark, 2 : 7. 

"No aid could reach him." — The Main Truck : Colton. 

5. A simple subject is one which has no modifiers. 

"Ben-Hur was proceeding to further speech."— Ben-Hur, Book IV., Chap. 6. 
"/married me a wife." — The Canterbury Pilgrims : Hawthorne. 

6. A simple predicate is one which has no modifiers. 

"Jesus wept." — John, 11 : 35. 

"Great Caesar fell."— Julius Caesar, III., 2. 

7. A complex subject is the simple subject with its 
modifiers. 

"Time, the tomb-builder, holds his fierce career." — The Closing Year : Geo. 
D. Prentice. 

"This new and gorgeous garment, majesty, sits not so easy on me as you 
think."— Henry IV., Part 2, V., 2. 



ioo MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

8. A complex predicate is the simple predicate with 
its modifiers. 

"We build the ladder by which we rise."— Gradatim : Holland. 
"Wisdom hath builded her house." — Prov., 9 : 1. 

9. A compound subject is one which consists of two or 
more simple or complex subjects. 

"Peter and John went up together into the temple."— Acts III., I. 
"Dr. Slammer and his friends repaired to the barracks." — Pickwick Papers, 
Chap. 2. 

10. A compound predicate is one which consists of two 
or more simple or complex predicates. 

"I rose and prepared to leave the abbey."— Evening in Westminster Abbey : 
Irving. 

"So saying, he put his umbrella under his arm, drew off his right glove, and 
extended the hand of reconciliation to that most indignant gentleman." — Pick- 
wick Papers*, Chap. 53. 

11. A clause is that part of a sentence which contains a 
subject and finite verb. 

"I thrice presented him a kingly crown, 

Which he did thrice refuse." — Julius Csesar, III., II. 
"My thoughts built higher mountains than I ever found." — Childhood and 
Youth: Holland. 

Classes of Sentences, as to Meaning. 

12. As to meaning, sentences are declarative, interroga- 
tive, imperative, and exclamatory. 

13. A declarative sentence is one which affirms or de- 
nies. 

"We must bow to Grimm in matters etymological." — Hero as Divinity: 
Carlyle. 

"Words without thoughts never to Heaven go."— Hamlet, III., 3. 

14. An interrogative sentence is one which asks a 
question. 

"Whose is this image and superscription ?" — St. Mark, 12 : 16. 
"Do ye not know some spot where mortals weep no more ?" — The Inquiry : 
Charles Mackay. 

15. An imperative sentence is one which expresses a 
command or an entreaty. 

"Let us then be what we are and speak what we think." — The Courtship 
of Miles Standish : Longfellow. 

"Give us this day our daily bread." — St. Matthew, 6 : 11. 

16. An exclamatory sentence is one which expresses 
thought in an interjectional manner. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 101 

"God bless my brother and the star !" — A Child's Dream of a Star : Charles 
Dickens. 

"How every motion is watched from below !" — One Niche the Highest : 
Elihu Burritt. 

Classes of Sentences, as to Structure. 

17. As to structure, sentences are simple, complex, and 
compound. 

18. A simple sentence is one which expresses a single 
thought. 

"The beggar is taxed for a corner to die in." — Vision of Sir Launfal : 
IyOwell. 

"What gift hath the world like thee ?" — The Sunbeam : Mrs. Hemans. 

"Get thee hence, Satan." — Matthew, 4 : 10. 

"Ah, it has cheated me so sore !" — The World for Sale : Ralph Hoyt. 

19. A complex sentence is one which contains a de- 
pendent clause. 

"The knight, therefore, stretched himself for repose upon a rich couch 
with which the tent was provided." — Ivanhoe, Chap. 11. 

"O my father, place me once more at the crossway of life, that I may choose 
the better road /" — The Two Roads : Jean Paul Richter. 

"I know that my Redeemer liveth." — Job, 19 : 25. 

20. A compound sentence is one which contains two or 
more independent clauses. 

"My judgment approves this measure, and my whole heart is in it."— 
Supposed Speech of John Adams : Daniel Webster. 

"Man is unjust, but God is just." — Evangeline: Longfellow. 

21. Observation. — Combining sentences as to structure and as to mean- 
ing, there are twelve kinds of sentences; as follows : simple declarative, simple 
interrogative, simple imperative, simple exclamatory ; complex declarative, com- 
plex interrogative, complex imperative, complex exclamatory ; compound declara- 
tive, compound interrogative, compound imperative, compound exclamatory . 

22. Bring in the twelve kinds of sentences named in observation 21. 



XXXIII. 

Classify the following sentences, both as to structure and 
as to meaning ; and name the simple, complex, and com- 
pound subjects and predicates : 

1. "He may conquer the body, but the soul of a patriot he can never sub- 
due." — Scottish Chiefs, Chap. 46. 

2. "The discourse extremely affected me and called to my mind the mate 
of the ship's joy." — Robinson Crusoe. 



102 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

3. "What is the use of my sajdng what some of these opinions are?" — Au- 
tocrat of the Breakfast-table, Chap. 2. 

4. "May I entertain any hopes, or must I die with despair?" — Aladdin, 
Arabian Nights. 

5. "Harness me down with your iron bands."— The Song of the Steam : 
Geo. W. Cutter. 

6. "My son, give me thine heart, and let thine heart observe my ways." — 
Proverbs, 23 : 26. 

7. "A quiet smile played round his lips." — Building of the Ship: Long- 
fellow. 

8. "To kinder skies, where gentler manners reign, I turn." — The Trav- 
eler : Goldsmith. 

9. "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth."— Genesis, 
1:1. 

10. "No being acts more rigidly from rule than the Indian." — Traits of In- 
dian Character : Irving. 

11. "Must we in all things look for the how, and the why, and wherefore?" 
— Evangeline : Longfellow. 

12. "My hour is almost come when I to sulphurous and tormenting flames 
must render up myself." — Hamlet. 

13. "Strongly built were the houses, with frames of oak and of hemlock, 

Such as the peasants of Normandy built in the reign of the Henries." — 
Evangeline : Longfellow. 

14. "Ye stand here now like giants, as ye are !" — Spartacus to the Gladiators 
at Capua : E. Kellogg. 

15. "Go forth under the open sky, and list to nature's teachings." — Thana- 
topsis : Bryant. 

16. "We live in what may be called the early age of this great continent." — 
Bunker Hill Monument Orations : Webster. 

17. "Ichabod was a suitable figure for such a steed." — The Legend of Sleepy 
Hollow : Irving. 

18. "So the multitude comes, even those we behold, 

To repeat every tale that has often been told."— Oh! Why Should the 
Spirit of Mortal be Proud? Knox. 

19. "Behold what manner of love the Father hath bestowed upon us, that 
we should be called the sons of God." -I. John, 3:1. 

20. "Therefore, friend Sancho, let not that trouble thee which gives me 
pleasure, nor endeavor to make a new world or throw knight-errantry off its 
hinges." — Don Quixote, Book II., Chap. 10. 

21. "But I believe it was you who had boyish passion for her." — David Cop- 
perfield, Chap. 32. 

22. "Daily injustice is done, and might is the right of the strongest." — 
Evangeline : Longfellow. 

23. "The fields seem fields of dream, where Memory 

Wanders like gleaning Ruth."— An Indian Summer Reverie : Lowell. 

24. "Each man is his own goal, 

And the whole earth must stop to pay his toll."— The Pioneer : Lowell. 

25. "And thereupon the priest, her friend and father-confessor, 

Said with a smile— 'O daughter, thy God thus speaketh within thee.' " 
— Evangeline : Longfellow. 

26. "How he economizes his physical powers, resting a moment at each 
gain he cuts !"— One Niche the Highest : Elihu Burritt. 

27. "The murmuring pines and hemlocks stand like druids of eld."— Evan- 
geline : Longfellow. 

28. "His inattention to the little forms of society, and an awkward and em- 
barrassed manner on first acquaintance were much against him." — Mountjoy : 
Irving. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 103 

XXXIV. 

Classes of Clauses. 

1. As to rank, there are two kinds of clauses, independ- 
ent and dependent. 

2. An independent clause is one which, does not have 
the construction of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. 

3. A dependent clause is one which has the construc- 
tion of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. 

4. There are three classes of dependent clauses, noun, ad- 
jective, and adverbial. 

5. A noun clause is one which has the construction of 
a noun. 

6. An adjective clause is one which has the construc- 
tion of an adjective. 

7. An adverbial clause is one which has the construc- 
tion of an adverb. 

8. As to meaning, adverbial clauses are classified as 
place, time, degree, manner, cause, purpose, reason, condition, 
and concession. 

Constructions of the Noun Clause. 

9. Subject. 

"•That you have wronged me doth appear in this." — Julius Caesar, IV., 3. 
" Whosoever will may come." — Whosoever Will : P. P. Bliss. 

10. In predicate with a finite verb. 

" 'The greatest difficulty,' he said, 'was that the Moors do not allow a rene- 
gado to have any but large vessels fitted for piratical uses.' " — Don Quixote, 
Chap. 40. 

"The special distinction of the men was that they were chosen by the Lord, 
each for a divine purpose." — Ben-Hur, Book II., Chap. 5. 

11. Object of a finite verb. 

"He said within himself, '// was a dream.'' " — The Sicilian's Tale : Long- 
fellow. 

"He will not forget that the cunning of our hands was bound by the pro- 
hibition:' — Ben-Hur, Book II., Chap. 5. 

12. Object of a participle. 

"What is the use of my saying what some of these opinions are ?" — Auto- 
crat of the Breakfast-table, Chap. 2. 



104 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

13. Object of a preposition. 

"He led the way to where the rivulets of sweet water ran" — Enoch Arden : 
Tennyson. 

14. In apposition. 

"We hold these truths to be self-evident :— That all men are created 
equal. " — Declaration of Independence. 

"It remains to be said now that Ben-Hur was in agreement with the mass 
of men of his time, not Romans" — Ben-Hur, Book III., Chap. 15. 

Constructions of the Adjective Clause. 

15. Modifying a noun. 

"We build the ladder by which we rise" — Gradatim : Holland. 
"Our bachelor uncle, who lives with us, is quite a genial man," — The Fish 
I Didn't Catch : Whittier. 

16. Modifying a pronoun. 

"Blessed are they that dwell in thy house"— Psalms, 84 : 4. 

"He that putteth his trust in the Lord shall be made fat.'' — Proverbs, 28 : 25. 

The Adverbial Clause, as to Meaning. 

17. Place. 

"Go where glory waits thee." — Moore's Irish Melodies. 
" 'Take this rose,' he sighed, 'and throw it 

Where there's none that loveth me.' "—The Rose : Lowell. 

18. Time. 

" When he entered the house, the conquest of his heart was complete." — The 
Legend of Sleepy Hollow : Irving. 

19. Degree. 

"He called so loud that all the hollow deep of hell resounded." — Paradise 
Lost, Book I., Line 314. 

"Father is so much kinder than he used to be." — A Christmas Carol : 
Charles Dickens. 

20. Manner. 

(i As the husband is, the wife is." — Locksley Hall : Tennyson. 
"Come as the waves come." — The Summons : Scott. 

21. Cause, Reason, or Purpose. 

"I am more at ease in Sir Roger's family, because it consists of sober and 
staid persons." — Sir Roger de Coverly : Addison. 
"And bring to me my richest mail, 
For tomorrow I go over land and sea 
In search of the holy grail ." - Vision of Sir Launfal : Lowell. 

22. Condition. 

"Except a man be born again, he can not see the kingdom of God."— St. 
John, 3 : 3. 

"If you wish to be loved, love measure." — Essay on Manner : Emerson. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 105 

23. Concession. — The concession clause assigns a cause 
in spite of which what is said in the independent clause takes 
place. 

" Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him." — Job, 13 : 15. 
"These days were ages to him, notwithstanding that he -was dashing in the 
smiles of the pretty Mary." — W. Irving. 

Constructions of the Adverbial Clause. 

24. Modifying a finite verb. 

"The gaj' will laugh when thou art gone."— Thanatopsis : Bryant. 
"If thou wilt make an altar of stone, thou shalt not build of hewn stone.' 1 
— Exodus, 20 : 25. 

25. Modifying an adjective. 

"It becometh sweeter than it sJiould be, and loseth the kind taste." — 
Holland. 

"A plowman on his legs is higher than a gentleman on his knees [is]." — 
Industry and Frugality Lead to Wealth : Dr. Franklin. 

26. Observation. — The verb is often omitted after than. 

27. Modifying an adverb. 

"He called so loud that all the hollow deep of hell resounded.' 1 '' — Paradise 
Lost, Book I., Line 314. 

"Sloth, like rust, consumes faster than labor wears."— Honesty and Fru- 
gality Lead to Wealth : Dr. Franklin. 

28. Bring in sentences illustrating the constructions of the noun clause, 
the adjective clause, and the adverbial clause, given in this lesson ; also, the 
classes of the adverbial clause, as to meaning. 



XXXV. 

Relations of the Clauses of Compound Sentences. 

1. In the same line of thought. 

"Diligence is the mother of good luck, and God gives all things to indus- 
try."— Honesty and Frugality Lead to Wealth : Dr. Franklin. 
"I was a child, and she was a child." — Annabel Lee : Poe. 

2. In contrast. 

"He may conquer the body, but the soul of a patriot he can never sub- 
due."— Scottish Chiefs, Chap. 46. 

"Man is unjust, but God is just." — Evangeline : Longfellow. 

3. In alternation. 

"May I entertain any hopes, or must I die with despair?" — Aladdin, 
Arabian Nights. 

4. Of inference or consequence. 

"He blushes ; therefore he is gui^."— Spectator. 

"Wisdom is the principal thing ; therefore get wisdom." — Proverbs, 4 : 7. 



io6 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

5. Bring in compound sentences containing independent clauses of the re- 
lations illustrated in this lesson. 

6. Classify these sentences ; name the independent and 
dependent clauses ; and give the relation or construction of 
each : classify the adverbial clauses as to meaning ; name 
the connectives, either expressed, or omitted ; and give the 
part of speech of each connective : 

1. "I am thankful that my Teresa behaved like herself." — Don Quixote, 
Part II., Chap. 57. 

2. "Then he had turned away, and said : 'I will not awake him.' " — Court- 
ship of Miles Standish : Longfellow. 

3. "Behold, the fear of the Lord, that is wisdom ; and to depart from evil is 
understanding."— Job, 28 : 28. 

4. "Let us then be what we are and speak what we think."— The Courtship 
of Miles Standish : Longfellow. 

5. "Love not sleep, lest thou come to poverty." — Prov., 20 : 13. 

6. "We carved not a line and raised not a stone, 

But we left him alone in his glory." — Burial of Sir John Moore : Wolfe. 

7. "I will not say that I am six years wiser than I was, or better." — The 
Battle of Life : Charles Dickens. 

8. "Blest be that abode where want and pain repair, 

And every stranger finds a ready chair." — The Traveler: Goldsmith. 

9. "My hour is almost come when I to sulphurous and tormenting flames 
must render up myself." — Hamlet. 

10. "We live in what may be called the early age of this great continent." — 
Bunker Hill Monument Orations : Webster. 

11. "I have married me a wife, and therefore I can not come." — Luke, 14: 20. 

12. "Then plow deep while sluggards sleep, 

And you shall have corn to sell and keep." — Honesty and Frugality 
Lead to Wealth : Dr. Franklin. 

13. "And what is so rare as a day in June?"— The Vision of Sir Launfal : 
Lowell. 

14. "Behold, we have forsaken all and followed thee, what shall we have 
therefore?" — Matthew, 19: 27. 

15. "I could wish you would take this also into consideration, that what we 
say is really for your own good." — The Baptism of Fire : Longfellow. 

16. "The sluggard shall not plow by reason of the cold ; therefore shall he 
beg in harvest, and have nothing." — Proverbs, 20 : 4. 

17. "The more stairs Mr. Pickwick went down, the more stairs there seemed 
to be to descend." — The Pickwick Papers, Chap. 22. 

18. "But after I am risen again, I will go before you into Galilee."— Mat- 
thew, 26 : 32. 

19. "No man is born into the world whose work is not born with him." — A 
Glance Behind the Curtain : Lowell. 

20. "The rich earl was to have been carried to Dunbarton." — Scottish Chiefs, 
Chap. 9. 

21 "No man can be treated frankly unless he himself be frank." — Repro- 
duction in Kind : Holland. 

22. "It will be a very nice portrait, too, though 1 say it who am the painter." 
Nicholas Nickleby, Chap. 10. 

23. "Things are not what they seem." — Psalm of Life : Longfellow. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 107 

24. "We know our own callings, and they are what I consider natural."— 
The Pathfinder : Cooper. 

25. "She said unto her mother, 'What shall I ask?' " — St. Mark, 6 : 24. 

26. "What would you have me to do?" — Pilgrim's Progress, Part I. - 

27. "All we know, or dream, or fear of agony are thine." — Marco Bozzaris : 
Fitz Greene Halleck. 

28. "He was the first man of the time in which he grew."— The Birthday of 
Washington : Rufus Choate. 

29. "The tracery of care and of sickness is upon his haggard features, hut I 
see in them, and in the soul which they represent to me, the majesty' of man- 
liness."— Animal Content : Holland. 

30. "As he looked, it became splendor." — Ben-Hur, Book I., Chap. 2. 

31. "In my Father's house are many mansions : if it were not so, I would 
have told you." — St. John, 14 : 2. 

32. "He may divest himself of it ; he may creep into a corner." — Beauty: 
Emerson. 

33. "That is the best joke I ever did hear." — John Halifax, Chap. 19. 

34. "And thereupon the priest, her friend and father-confessor, 

Said with a smile — 'O daughter, thy God thus speaketh within thee.' " 
— Evangeline : Longfellow. 

35. "So the multitude comes, even those we behold, 

To repeat every tale that has often been told."— Oh ! Whj^ Should the 
Spirit of Mortal be Proud? Knox. 

36. "Strongly built were the houses, with frames of oak and of hemlock, 

Such as the peasants of Normandy built in the reign of the Henries." — 
Evangeline : Longfellow. 

7. Observation. — When and where, equaling in which; why, equaling for 
which ; and whereby, equaling by which, may introduce adjective clauses. 



OUTLINE 



i 1 Fundamental terms. 
i 2 An idea. 
2 2 A word. 
3 2 A thought. 
4 2 A sentence. 
2 1 Definition. 
3 1 The parts of speech, 
i 2 The noun. 
i 3 Definition. 
2 3 Classes. 
i 4 Common. 
i 5 Definition. 
2 5 Classes. 
i 6 Collective, 
2 6 Abstract. 
3 6 Verbal, 
2 4 Proper. 
3 3 Properties. 
i 4 Person. 
i 5 Definition. 
2 5 Classes. 

i 6 First person. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 109 

2 6 Second person. 
3 6 Third person. 
2 4 Number. 
i 5 Definition. 
2 5 Classes. 
i 6 Singular. 
2 6 Plural. 

i 7 Definition. 

2 7 Rules for forming plurals. 
3 5 Exercises. 

i 6 Exceptions to rules. 

2 6 Irregular plurals. 

3 6 Double plural forms. 

4 6 Nouns alike in both numbers. 

5 6 Nouns that have no plural. 

6 6 Nouns that have no singular. 

7 6 Compound nouns. 

8 6 Complex nouns. 

9 6 Foreign nouns. 

i 7 A becomes ae, sometimes ata. 
2 7 Is becomes es, sometimes ides. 
3 7 Us becomes i. 
4 7 Um and on become a. 
5 7 Ex and ix become ices. 
6 7 O becomes i. 
3 4 Gender. 
i 5 Definition. 
2 5 Classes. 
i 6 Masculine. 
2 6 Feminine. 
3 5 Exercises. 

i 6 Feminine formed by a suffix. 
2 6 Feminine expressed by different word. 
3 6 Feminine formed by gender-prefix. 
4 4 Case. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

i 5 Definition. 
2 5 Classes. 

i 6 Nominative. 
i 7 Definition. 
2 7 Constructions. 

i 8 Subject of a finite verb. 

2 8 In apposition with the subject of a finite 

verb. 
3 8 In predicate with a finite verb. 
4 8 In predicate with an infinitive. 
5 8 In predicate with a participle. 
6 8 By address. 
7 8 Bx exclamation. 
8 8 By inscription. 
9 8 By pleonasm. 

io 8 Independent with a participle. 
2 6 Possessive. 
i 7 Definition. 
2 7 Steps for forming. 
3 7 Constructions. 
i 8 Limiting a noun. 
2 8 In apposition. 
3 6 Objective. 
i 7 Definition. 
2 7 Constructions. 

i 8 Object of a finite verb. 

2 8 In apposition with the object of a finite 

verb. 
3 8 Object of an infinitive. 
4 8 Object of a participle. 
5 8 Object of a preposition. 
6 8 Subject of an infinitive. 
7 8 In predicate with a finite verb. 
8 8 In predicate with an infinitive. 
9 8 Adverbial objective modifying a verb. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. in 

i 9 Measure or direction. 
2 9 The dative. 
io 8 Adverbial objective modifying an adjective. 
ii 8 Adverbial objective modifying an adverb. 
12 8 In apposition with an adverbial objective 
modifying an adverb. 
2 2 The pronoun. 
i 3 Definition. 
2 3 Classes. 

i 4 The personal. 
i 5 Definition. 
2 5 Classes. 
i 6 Simple. 
2 6 Compound. 
i 7 Formation. 
2 7 Use as to case. 
3 5 Properties. 
4 5 Constructions. 
i 6 Nominative case. 

i 7 Subject of a finite verb. 

2 7 In apposition with the subject of the finite 

verb. 
3 7 In predicate with a finite verb. 
4 7 In predicate with an infinitive. 
5 7 In predicate with a participle. 
6 7 Independent with a participle. 
2 6 Possessive. 

i 7 Limiting a noun. 
2 7 Limiting a participle. 
3 6 Objective case. 

i 7 Object of a finite verb. 
2 7 Object of an infinitive. 
3 7 Object of a participle. 
4 7 Object of a preposition. 
5 7 Subject of an infinitive. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

6 7 In predicate with an infinitive. 
7 7 The dative. 
2 4 The relative. 
i 5 Definition. 
2 5 Classes. 
i 6 Simple. 
2 6 Compound. 
i 7 Definition. 
2 7 Formation. 
3 5 Property. 
4 5 Construction. 

i 6 Nominative case. 

i 7 Subject of a finite verb. 
2 7 In predicate with a finite verb. 
3 7 In predicate with an infinitive. 
4 7 In predicate with a participle. 
2 6 Possessive case. 
i 7 Limiting a noun. 
2 7 Limiting a participle. 
3 6 Objective case. 

i 7 Object of a finite verb. 
2 7 Object of an infinitive. 
3 7 Object of a participle. 
4 7 Object of a preposition. 
5 7 Subject of an infinitive. 
6 7 In predicate with an infinitive. 
3 4 The interrogative. 
i 5 Definition. 
2 5 Property. 
3 5 Construction. 

i 6 Nominative case. 

i 7 Subject of a finite verb. 
2 7 In predicate with a finite verb. 
3 7 In predicate with an infinitive. 
4 7 In predicate with a participle. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 113 



2 B Possessive case, 
i 7 Limiting a noun. 
2 7 Limiting a participle. 
3 6 Objective case. 

i 7 Object of a finite verb. 
2 7 Object of an infinitive. 
3 7 Object of a participle. 
4 7 Object of a preposition. 
5 7 Subject of an infinitive. 
6 7 In predicate with an infinitive. 
3 2 The adjective. 
i 3 Definition. 
2 s Classes. 

i 4 Descriptive. 
i 5 Definition. 
2 5 Classes. 
i 6 Common. 
2 6 Proper. 
2 4 Definitive. 
i 5 Definition. 
2 5 Classes. 

i 6 The article. 

i 7 The definite article. 
2 7 The indefinite article. 
2 6 Pronominal. 
3 6 Numeral. 
i 7 Cardinal. 
2 7 Ordinal. 
3 7 Multiplicative. 
3 3 Comparison. 
i 4 Definition. 
2 4 Degrees. 
i 5 Classes. 
i 6 Positive. 
2 6 Comparative. 



ii 4 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

3 6 Superlative. 
2 5 Formation. 
3 4 Exercises. 
4 3 Constructions. 
i 4 Limiting a noun. 
2 4 Limiting a pronoun. 
3 4 In apposition. 
4 4 In predicate. 

i 5 With an intransitive finite verb. 
2 5 With a transitive finite verb. 
3 5 With an infinitive. 
4 5 With a participle. 
5 5 Adverbial predicate. 
4 2 The verb. 
i 3 Definition. 
2 s The subject. 
3 3 The properties. 
i 4 Style. 

i 5 Definition. 
2 5 Classes. 
i 6 Simple. 
2 6 Solemn. 
i 7 Definition. 
2 7 Formation. 
3 6 Emphatic. 
i 7 Definition. 
2 7 Formation. 
4 6 Progressive. 
i 7 Definition. 
2 7 Formation. 
2 4 Voice. 

i 5 Definition. 
2 5 Classes. 
i 6 Active. 
2 6 Passive. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 115 

i 7 Definition. 
2 7 Formation. 
3 7 Tests. 
3 4 Mode. 

i 5 Definition, 
2 5 Classes. 
i 6 Finite. 

i 7 Definition. 
2 7 Classes. 
i 8 Indicative. 
2 8 Potential. 
3 8 Subjunctive. 
4 8 Imperative. 
2 6 Infinite. 
i 7 Definition. 
2 7 Classes. 
i 8 Infinitive. 
i 9 Definition. 
2 9 Constructions. 
i 10 Of a noun. 

i 11 Subject of a finite verb. 
2 11 In predicate with a finite verb. 
3 11 Object of a finite verb. 
4 11 Object of an infinitive. 
5 11 Object of a participle. 
6 11 Object of a preposition. 
7 11 Used independents. 
8 11 In apposition. 
2 10 Of an adjective. 
3 10 Of an adverb. 

i 11 Modifying a finite verb. 
2 11 Modifying an infinitive. 
3 11 Modif5 T ing a participle. 
4 11 Modifying an adjective. 
5 11 Modifying an adverb. 



116 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

2 8 Participle. 
i 9 Definition. 
2 9 Constructions. 
i 10 Of a noun. 

i 11 Subject of a finite verb. 
2 11 In predicate with a finite verb. 
3 11 Object of a finite verb. 
4 11 Object of an infinitive. 
5 11 Object of a participle. 
6 11 Object of a preposition. 
7 11 Adverbial objective. 
8 11 Used independently. 
2 10 Of an adjective. 
i 11 Modifying a noun. 
2 11 Modifying a pronoun. 
i 4 Tense. 

i 5 Definition. 
2 5 Classes. 
i 6 Present. 
i 7 Definition. 

2 7 Signs in respective modes. 
i 8 In the indicative. 
i 9 Simple style. 
2 9 Solemn style. 
3 9 Emphatic style. 
4 9 Progressive style. 
5 9 Passive voice. 
2 8 In the potential. 
3 8 In the subjunctive. 

i 9 The indication of time. 
2 9 Accompanying tenses. 
3 9 Form of the verb. 
4 8 Imperative. 
5 8 Infinitive. 
6 8 Participial. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 117 

i 9 Active voice. 
2 9 Passive voice. 
2 6 Imperfect, or past. 
i 7 Definition. 

2 7 Signs in respective modes. 
i 8 In the indicative. 
i 9 Simple style. 
2 9 Solemn style. 
3 9 Kmphatic style. 
4 9 Progressive style. 
5 9 Passive voice. 
2 8 In the potential. 
3 8 In the subjunctive. 

i 9 The indication of time. 
2 9 The accompanying tense. 
3 9 The form of the verb. 
4 8 In the participial. 
i 9 Active voice. 
2 9 Passive voice. 
3 6 Future. 
i 7 Definition. 
2 7 Signs. 

i 8 For futurity. 
2 8 For determination. 
3 7 Where found. 
4 6 Perfect. 

i 7 Definition. 

2 7 Signs in the respective modes. 
i 8 In the indicative. 
2 8 In the potential. 
3 8 In the infinitive. 
4 8 In the participial. 
i 9 Active. 
2 9 Passive. 
5 6 Pluperfect. 



n8 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

i 7 Definition. 

2 7 Signs in the respective modes. 
i 8 In the indicative. 
2 8 In the potential. 
6 6 Future perfect. 
i 7 Definition. 
2 7 Signs. 
3 7 Where found. 
4 3 Kinds of verbs. 
i 4 As to use. 
i 5 Transitive. 
2 5 Intransitive. 
2 4 As to form. 
i 5 Regular. 
2 5 Irregular. 
3 5 Defective. 
4 5 Redundant. 
5 2 The adverb. 
i 3 Definition. 
2 3 Classes. 

i 4 As to meaning. 
i 5 Manner. 
2 5 Place. 
3 5 Time. 
4 5 Degree. 
5 5 Cause. 
2 4 As to office. 
i 5 Modifying. 
2 5 Conjunctive. 
3 3 Constructions. 

i 4 Modifying a verb. 

2 4 Modifying an adjective. 

3 4 Modifying an adverb. 

4 4 Modifying a prepositional phrase. 

5 4 Modifying a clause. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 119 

6 2 The preposition. 
7 2 The conjunction. 
i 3 Definition. 
2 3 Classes. 

i 4 Co-ordinate. 

i 5 Connecting words. 
2 5 Connecting phrases. 
3 5 Connecting clauses. 
2 4 Subordinate. 
8 2 The interjection. 
4 1 The sentence. 
i 2 Terms. 

i 3 Subject. \ 

2 3 Predicate. \ Simple, complex, compound. 

3 3 Object. 1 

4 3 Clause. 

5 3 Phrase. 

i 4 Definition. 
2 4 Classes. 

i 5 Prepositional. 
i 6 Adjective. 
2 6 Adverbial. 

i 7 Modifying a verb. 
2 7 Modifying an adjective. 
3 7 Modifying an adverb. 
2 5 Infinitive. 



3 5 Participial. 
Classes. 

i 3 As to meaning. 
i 4 Declarative. 
2 4 Interrogative. 
i 5 Definition. 
2 5 Formation. 
3 4 Imperative. 
4 4 Exclamatory. 



Treated under the infinite mode. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

2 3 As to structure. 
i 4 Simple. 
2 4 Complex. 
i 5 Definition. 
2 5 Clauses. 
i 6 Classes. 

i 7 The adjective clause. 
i 8 Restrictive. 
2 8 Unrestrictive. 
2 7 The adverbial clause. 
i 8 Of place. 
2 8 Of time. 
3 8 Of degree. 
4 8 Of manner. 
5 8 Of cause. 
3 7 The noun clause. 
2 6 Constructions. 
i 7 Of a noun. 

i 8 Subject of a finite verb. 
2 8 In predicate with a verb. 
3 8 Object of a finite verb. 
4 8 Object of a preposition 
5 8 In apposition. 
2 7 Of an adjective. 
i 8 Limiting a noun. 
2 8 Limiting a pronoun. 
3 7 Of an adverb. 

i 8 Modifying a verb. 
2 8 Modifying an adjective. 
3 8 Modifying an adverb. 
4 8 The dative. 
3 4 Compound. 
i 5 Definition. 
2 5 Classes. 

i 6 Same line of thought. 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 



2 6 Adversative. 

3 6 In alternation. 

4 6 Inference. 

5 6 Consequence. 



Hm 



INDEX. 



[W^The numbers indicate the pages.] 

A. 

Adjective, 5, 24, 25, 26, 27 ; 68-73 

Adverb, 6, 39 ; 92 94 

Adjective phrase, 6, 95 

Adverbial phrase, 7, 95, 96 

Adverbial objective, 17, 56-58 

Adjective clause, 103 

Adverbial clause, 103, 105 

C. 

Conjunction, 7, 39, 40 ; 96-98 

Cases of nouns, 13-17, 52-58 

Complex sentence, 40, 101 

Compound sentence, 40, 101 

Clause 100 

Concession clause, 105 

Clauses of compound sentences 105 

D. 

Declarative sentence, 1, 100 

Declension, 17, 18 

Defective verb, 38, 91 

Dative, 57 

Dependent clause, ' 103 

E. 

Exclamatory sentence, 1, 100 

G. 

Gender, 13, 50-52 

Grammar defined, 44 



MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 123 

I. 

Interjection, 8, 98, 99 

Interrogative sentence, 1, 100 

Imperative sentence, 1, 100 

Interrogative pronouns, 23, 24, 66, 67 

Infinitives, 29 ; 78-80 

Irregular verb, 38, 91 

Idea, 44 

Intransitive verb, 14, 91 

Independent clause, • 103 

M. 

Mode, 28-30, 76-82 

N. 

Noun, 4, 44, 45 

Number, . 9-13, 45~49 

Noun clause, „ . . . 103 

O. 

Object of passive verbs, 57 

P. 

Predicate, 4, 41, 99, 100 

Pronoun, 5, 59 

Preposition, 6, 94 

Prepositional phrase, 6, 95, 96 

Properties of the noun, 8, 45 

Properties of the verb, 73 

Person, 8, 45 

Personal pronouns, • . . . . 17-20, 59-63 

Participles, 30 ; 80-82 

Parts of speech, 8, 44 

R. 

Relative pronouns : 20-22, 64-56 

Regular verb, 38, 91 

Redundant verb, 38, 91 

S. 

Sentence defined, 1, 44, 99 

Styles, 27, -3, 74 

Simple sentence, 40, 101 

Subject, 4, 41, 99 



i2 4 MANUAL OF GRAMMAR. 

T. 

Tense, 30-37, 82-90 

Thought, 44 

Transitive verb, 14, 91 

V. 

Verb 5, 73 

Voice, 28, 75 

W. 

Word, . • 44 



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